Microhematuria was present in 33% of PSAC and 42% of SAC and leukocyturia in 53% and 40% of PSAC and SAC, respectively. 50% (64/128) of PSAC and 58% (71/122) of SAC presented urinary tract morbidity, which was mainly mild. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Moore ∗ Present address: Tropical Development and Research Institute, College House, Wrights Lane, London W8 5SJ. ∗∗ Present address: Dept. of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street [doi.org]

• Recurrent Infection

  However, because pre-school infection [ 4 – 6 ] and recurrent infection during childhood [ 7, 8 ] are associated with significant risk for disease, optimal disease prevention can occur only when parasite infection or reinfection can be effectively blocked [doi.org]

• Hunting

  […] previous studies showing high infection prevalence in 11–14 year old school going children, more so in boys compared to girls, due to their more adventurous habits i.e. drinking contaminated water while grazing cattle, swimming, fishing, playing, bathing, hunting [parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com]

• Urethral Discharge

  The diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of gram-negative intracellular diplococci in the urethral discharge and of characteristic terminal spined Schistosoma haematobium ova in the urine, as well as by the favorable clinical response to treatment [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Subsequently, the patient was referred to our institution for further workup. Upon presentation to our institute, the patient's temperature was 36.8°C, his pulse was 60 beats per minute (bpm), and his blood pressure was 120/70 mm Hg. [jcm.asm.org]

• Uric Acid Decreased

  Uric acid decreased slightly after treatment, but did not show a significant difference between pre- and post-treated subjects. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Plasmodium Falciparum

  KEYWORDS: Abnormal urinary blood; Concomitant infection; Plasmodium falciparum; Proteinuria; Schistosoma haematobium [Indexed for MEDLINE] Free full text [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

  Sexually transmitted infection (STI) with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and/or Trichomonas vaginalis did not act as a confounding factor for the observed associations. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Toxocara Canis

  Serodiagnosis of toxocariasis by ELISA using crude antigen of Toxocara canis larvae. Korean J Parasitol 2013;51(4):433–439. Habibzadeh F, Habibzadeh P, Yadollahie M. [synapse.koreamed.org]

Children who continued excreting viable eggs 4 weeks post-treatment received a second dose of PZQ. Re-infection rates were determined in sub-cohort A1 and A2 at 28 and 20 weeks post-treatment, respectively. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This might be because immature worms at first treatment were not killed and reached their maturity stage after treatment had been done. Thus, new mature worms would have produced viable eggs after the treatment. [doi.org]

Overall prognosis of EMF is poor and this report emphasizes the importance of public health interventions in the control of schistosomiasis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The prognosis in schistosomiasis. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 51, 112 – 119. Gelfand, M. ( 1950 ). Schistosomiasis in South Central Africa, 1st Edn. Post-Graduate Press by Juta & Co. Ltd, London, UK. Gelfand, M. ( 1963 ). [doi.org]

Schistosoma haematobiumis the etiologic agent for urogenital schistosomiasis, a major source of morbidity and mortality for more than 112 million people worldwide. [bio-protocol.org]

This parasite is considered an important factor in the etiology of carcinoma of the bladder. The ova are elongated and are 60 X 160 microns. They are a yellowish color, slightly transparent, and possess a delicate terminal spine. [labce.com]

Bladder tumours of non-S. haematobium etiology and normal urothelium were used as controls. S. haematobium-associated benign/pre-malignant lesions present alterations in p53 and sLex that were also found in bladder tumors. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Hicks RM, Walters CL, Elsebai I, et al (1977) Demonstration of nitrosamines in human urine: preliminary observations on a possible etiology for bladder cancer in association with chronic urinary tract infections. [doi.org]

Etiology: The trematodes (flukes). Schistosomes are flukes that inhabit the portal vascular system. All species have similar life cycles. [meddean.luc.edu]

The probable significance of protective immunity in the epidemiology of schistosome infections is discussed. References Bradley and McCullough, 1973 Egg output stability and the epidemiology of Schistosoma haematobium Part II. [doi.org]

Epidemiological studies have suggested that host immunological factors may play an important role in co-endemic areas. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Léger, E and Webster, JP ( 2017 ) Hybridizations within the Genus Schistosoma : implications for evolution, epidemiology and control. Parasitology 144, 65 – 80. [cambridge.org]

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is only partially understood. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Approximately 2 million annualized praziquantel treatments would be required for preventive chemotherapy at health districts level. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]