Presentation of the case A 65-year-old man presented in Beira Central Hospital, Mozambique, with a right scrotal mass (diameter 80 x 80 cm), evolved over 15 years. [journals.plos.org]

Abstract Isolated penile and scrotal elephantiasis presents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We report a case of chronic penile and scrotal elephantiasis caused by indolent Chlamydia trachomatis infection. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Dermoscopy in the present case revealed varied colors of lacunae and nodules. [mdpi.com]

• Streptococcal Infection

  Anti-streptococcal antibiotics are used to relieve secondary infection. Lymphatic tissue may be removed by surgery or radiation therapy. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive. [rarediseases.org]

• Hyperkeratosis

  The postoperative pathologic findings showed that the mass was an epidermoid cyst, and hematoxylin and eosin staining showed hyperkeratosis of the skin as well as inflammatory and edematous changes. A diagnosis of a variant of FOT was made. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  (B) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining showed hyperkeratosis and edematous changes in the skin. [journals.lww.com]

  The skin of the affected areas usually develops a dry, thickened, pebbly appearance and may become ulcerated, pitted and darkened (hyperkeratosis). Fever, chills, and a general feeling of ill health (malaise) may also be present. [rarediseases.org]

• Papule

  Prominent lymphangiectatic papules leading to pebbly surface are evident (reproduced from reference [5]). [redorbit.com]

  It includes: superficial abscesses (boils, furnucles, carbuncles), abscesses that are subcutaneous and suprafascial, pyogenic granulomas, cysts, painful erythematous papules and plaques, folliculitis, open ulcerations, chronic sinuses, fistulas, sinus [read.qxmd.com]

  The subcutaneous worms present with skin rashes, urticarial papules, and arthritis, as well as hyper, and hypopigmentation macules. [flipper.diff.org]

  10]:665 Those who develop the chronic stages of elephantiasis are usually amicrofilaraemic and often have adverse immunological reactions to the microfilariae as well as the adult worms.[10] The subcutaneous worms present with skin rashes, urticarial papules [en.wikipedia.org]

• Pruritus

  This is characterized by pruritus and burning sensation of the foot and leg, pedal edema, pronounced markings in the skin, splaying of the forefoot, rigid toes and skin thickening. [howshealth.com]

• Skin Ulcer

  The abnormality associated with the same also gives rise to skin ulcers and abscesses. Elephantitis Balls Elephantitis balls are one of the most dangerous symptoms of this disease that affects men. [hxbenefit.com]

• Scrotal Pain

  Englisch-Deutsch 131 scrotal hypospadias Fachwörterbuch Medizin Englisch-Deutsch 132 scrotal lymphangitis Fachwörterbuch Medizin Englisch-Deutsch 133 scrotal pain Fachwörterbuch Medizin Englisch-Deutsch 134 scrotal raphe Hodensacknaht f, Raphe f scroti [translate.academic.ru]

  For that reason any acute scrotal pain with edema requires urgent and specialized evaluation. [lymphedemapeople.com]

In endemic areas, thorough workup of the patient needs to be done, as in the present case, to rule out this cause. Other important differential diagnoses include herpes, molluscum contagiosum and verrucae. [mdpi.com]

Treatment of co-infection with bancroftian filariasis and onchocerciasis. Filaria J. 2003; 2: 15 Rajendran R. Sunish I.P. Mani T.R. et al. [goldjournal.net]

One year after surgical treatment, the patient is healthy without recurrence signs. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment can be carried out without affecting the child’s education as intensive treatment can be performed during school vacations. [medical-case-reports.imedpub.com]

There were almost no pathogenic bacteria cultivated at the start of treatment. We believed this lack of bacteria was because of the short-term disease course and the active treatments adopted. [journals.lww.com]

Various surgical methods for treatment of HS have been described. [urologyannals.com]

Treatment and prognosis Treatment options include diethylcarbamazine (DEC) 6 mg/kg body weight in combination with albendazole. Complications Grossly dilated lymphatics and edema progressing to elephantiasis. [radiopaedia.org]

Each patient's treatment and prognosis are summarized in Table 1.[3,11–17] Timely surgical intervention is necessary to achieve good prognosis for secondary urogenital diseases. Table 1: Clinical features in eight cases. [journals.lww.com]

Prognosis depends on early and urgent surgical management. You may thus request that your data, should it be inaccurate, incomplete, unclear, outdated, not be used or stored, be corrected, clarified, updated or deleted. [santicavision.info]

References : Lymphatic filariasis: Guidance for evaluation and treatment Lymphatic filariasis: Prognosis [flipper.diff.org]

PCR methods have recently been found useful for diagnosis of culture negative cases. 56 The prognosis for fertility following tuberculous salpingitis is poor 57 and the risk of ectopic pregnancy is increased. [sti.bmj.com]

Although genetic causes were searched and the possible role of infectious agents and compressive factors was evaluated, no etiology was ascertained. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Infectious etiologies of genital elephantiasis outside of filariasis endemic regions: a case report. [afju.springeropen.com]

The etiology of the lymphedema usually determines the natural course and the therapeutic approach. [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]

Giant scrotal elephantiasis with unknown etiology. Annals of plastic surgery. 2005 Jun;54(6):685-6. PubMed PMID: 15900164. [turkplastsurg.org]

In addition to providing detailed descriptions of these agents, this text deals with the clinical diseases they cause, their modes of acquisition, transmission and epidemiology, and their pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. [books.google.com]

Looking at the epidemiological and clinical findings, we made a diagnosis of penoscrotal elephantiasis. The patient had taken a dose of anti filarial drugs (albendazol and ivermectin). [bacandrology.biomedcentral.com]

( 26281791 ) 2015 35 Epidemiology of elephantiasis with special emphasis on podoconiosis in Ethiopia: A literature review. ( 26119541 ) 2015 36 Massive Soft Tissue Neurofibroma (Elephantiasis Neuromatosa): Case Report and Review of Literature. ( 25694465 [malacards.org]

Descriptive epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis in Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1996;90:26–30. 7. Dunyo SK, Appawu M, Nkrumah FK, Baffoe-Wilmot A, Pedersen EM, Simonsen PE et al. Lymphatic filariasis on the coast of Ghana. [jmedtropics.org]

After briefly presenting an overview of the demography of subfecundity, this book goes on exploring the pathophysiology and effect on fecundity of various diseases, which are classified into three groups. [books.google.com]

Pathophysiology The pathophysiology is permanent lymphatic dilatation and dysfunction. This leads to swelling and secondary infections resulting in chronic skin changes and continued risk of infection. [dermatologyadvisor.com]

Large-scale treatment (preventive chemotherapy) Elimination of lymphatic filariasis is possible by stopping the spread of the infection through preventive chemotherapy. [who.int]

Chapter 69 Surrogate Markers of Antiretroviral Efficacy 826 Overcoming Barriers to Providing ARV Therapy in ResourceLimited Settings 831 Chapter 71 Antiretroviral Drugs for HIV Prevention 836 Chapter 72 Acute HIV Infection 843 Chapter 73 Opportunistic [books.google.com]

Preventing it is a lot more straightforward and involves taking medication just once a year. But even that has met with some resistance in coastal communities, said Severini Tarimo. [news.bbc.co.uk]

Testing the blood serum for antibodies against the disease may also be used.[4] Prevention[edit] The present objective of prevention is the eradication of lymphatic filariasis. [en.wikipedia.org]