Adobe Acrobat XI Pro was used to OCR the text and also for the merging and conversion to the final presentation PDF-format. [repository.up.ac.za]

Arsenic Arsenic is also a commonly found heavy metal and is usually present in fungicides, pesticides and certain medications. [testcountry.org]

[…] a significant risk to human health (SRHH); and (c) Ident¿n. of toxicologic testing needed to identify the types of exposure that may present SRHH. [books.google.com]

It presents a nutritional conundrum because of its twin status as an essential as well as a highly toxic trace element. [ijtrichology.com]

Clinical presentation is dependent on whether poisoning is acute or chronic, with some overlap: Acute selenium toxicity cardiac dysfunction: hypotension, tachycardia, pulmonary edema ECG: long QT, flattening/inversion of T-waves 4 lassitude nausea and [radiopaedia.org]

• Fatigue

  This can lead to problems in blood sugar metabolism and insulin sensitivity and contribute to anxiety or fatigue. [drweil.com]

  They include fatigue, irritability, listlessness, reduced mental alertness, emotional instability, hand tremors, tingling or loss of sensation in the arms or legs, reduced blood pressure and ultimately, unconsciousness and death. [livestrong.com]

  Fatigue — reported by roughly 75% of those observed. [globalhealingcenter.com]

  During this time he developed diarrhoea, worsening fatigue, a tingling sensation in the extremities and became completely bald. [medsafe.govt.nz]

  Too much selenium can also cause diarrhea and nausea, skin rashes, skin lesions, irritability and fatigue. In rare and serious cases, selenosis can also cause kidney failure, cardiac failure and death. [healthyeating.sfgate.com]

• Pain

  […] dependent on whether poisoning is acute or chronic, with some overlap: Acute selenium toxicity cardiac dysfunction: hypotension, tachycardia, pulmonary edema ECG: long QT, flattening/inversion of T-waves 4 lassitude nausea and vomiting diarrhea abdominal pain [radiopaedia.org]

  A 55-year-old otherwise healthy woman presented to the emergency department with a history of headaches, dizziness, vomiting, and abdominal pain for 5 days. [ijtrichology.com]

  Joint Pain — reported by about 70% of those observed. Nail Discoloration or Brittleness — reported by 61% of participants. Likely related to the hair loss. Nausea — reported in over half of those observed. [globalhealingcenter.com]

  Selenium does not seem to improve joint pain or movement in children with Kashin-Beck disease. Liver cancer. Early research in China suggests that taking selenium for 2-5 years can reduce the occurrence of liver cancer. [webmd.com]

• Unconsciousness

  They include fatigue, irritability, listlessness, reduced mental alertness, emotional instability, hand tremors, tingling or loss of sensation in the arms or legs, reduced blood pressure and ultimately, unconsciousness and death. [livestrong.com]

• Infertility

  Infertility. Research suggests that taking 100-200 mcg of selenium daily, alone or together with vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E, for 3-4 months, does not improve sperm function in infertile men. Low birth weight. [webmd.com]

• Nausea

  Gastrointestinal symptoms of selenium poisoning include stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, a bitter metallic taste with burping and intestinal cramps, according to “The New Encyclopedia of Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements and Herbs.” [livestrong.com]

  Clinical presentation is dependent on whether poisoning is acute or chronic, with some overlap: Acute selenium toxicity cardiac dysfunction: hypotension, tachycardia, pulmonary edema ECG: long QT, flattening/inversion of T-waves 4 lassitude nausea and [radiopaedia.org]

  Too much selenium can also cause diarrhea and nausea, skin rashes, skin lesions, irritability and fatigue. In rare and serious cases, selenosis can also cause kidney failure, cardiac failure and death. [healthyeating.sfgate.com]

  Usual symptoms include confusion, nausea, vomiting or even falling into a coma. Long-term chronic exposure occurs over a long period of time and often the symptoms develop slowly. So it is easy to misdiagnose and attribute them to other causes. [testcountry.org]

  Nausea — reported in over half of those observed. Many participants said that the nail issues, fatigue, and hair loss continued for at least 90 days. These are some of the milder symptoms of selenium toxicity. [globalhealingcenter.com]

• Vomiting

  Gastrointestinal symptoms of selenium poisoning include stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, a bitter metallic taste with burping and intestinal cramps, according to “The New Encyclopedia of Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements and Herbs.” [livestrong.com]

  Clinical presentation is dependent on whether poisoning is acute or chronic, with some overlap: Acute selenium toxicity cardiac dysfunction: hypotension, tachycardia, pulmonary edema ECG: long QT, flattening/inversion of T-waves 4 lassitude nausea and vomiting [radiopaedia.org]

  Usual symptoms include confusion, nausea, vomiting or even falling into a coma. Long-term chronic exposure occurs over a long period of time and often the symptoms develop slowly. So it is easy to misdiagnose and attribute them to other causes. [testcountry.org]

  A 55-year-old otherwise healthy woman presented to the emergency department with a history of headaches, dizziness, vomiting, and abdominal pain for 5 days. [ijtrichology.com]

  High doses of selenium can cause significant side effects including nausea, vomiting, nail changes, loss of energy, and irritability. [webmd.com]

• Diarrhea

  Gastrointestinal symptoms of selenium poisoning include stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, a bitter metallic taste with burping and intestinal cramps, according to “The New Encyclopedia of Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements and Herbs.” [livestrong.com]

  […] presentation is dependent on whether poisoning is acute or chronic, with some overlap: Acute selenium toxicity cardiac dysfunction: hypotension, tachycardia, pulmonary edema ECG: long QT, flattening/inversion of T-waves 4 lassitude nausea and vomiting diarrhea [radiopaedia.org]

  Too much selenium can also cause diarrhea and nausea, skin rashes, skin lesions, irritability and fatigue. In rare and serious cases, selenosis can also cause kidney failure, cardiac failure and death. [healthyeating.sfgate.com]

  Here is a look, courtesy of the Journal of the American Medical Association, at some of the ways selenium toxicity can cause problems. [ 8 ] Gastrointestinal Distress and Diarrhea — reported in over 75% of those observed suffering from selenium toxicity [globalhealingcenter.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  pain neurological dysfunction e.g. ataxia, tremor, confusion, loss of consciousness fetor oris: distinctive garlicky odor Chronic selenium toxicity (selenosis) Chronic toxicity may present with features of acute toxicity plus: dermatological sequelae [radiopaedia.org]

  A 55-year-old otherwise healthy woman presented to the emergency department with a history of headaches, dizziness, vomiting, and abdominal pain for 5 days. [ijtrichology.com]

• Hypotension

  Clinical presentation is dependent on whether poisoning is acute or chronic, with some overlap: Acute selenium toxicity cardiac dysfunction: hypotension, tachycardia, pulmonary edema ECG: long QT, flattening/inversion of T-waves 4 lassitude nausea and [radiopaedia.org]

• Metallic Taste

  Gastrointestinal symptoms of selenium poisoning include stomach upset, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, a bitter metallic taste with burping and intestinal cramps, according to “The New Encyclopedia of Vitamins, Minerals, Supplements and Herbs.” [livestrong.com]

  Overdose Risks The first indicator that you've reached toxic levels of selenium, or selenosis, is a garlic odor in your breath and a metallic taste. [healthyeating.sfgate.com]

  Poisoning from long-term use is similar to arsenic poisoning, with symptoms including hair loss, white horizontal streaking on fingernails, nail inflammation, fatigue, irritability, nausea, vomiting, garlic breath odor, and a metallic taste. [webmd.com]

• Arthritis

  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Evidence on the effects of selenium on rheumatoid arthritis is inconsistent. Some research suggests that taking yeast enriched with 200 mcg of selenium does not improve RA. [webmd.com]

• Alopecia

  Eventually, a more detailed anamnesis revealed the source of the patient's alopecia. [ijtrichology.com]

  Alopecia with generalized or patchy alopecia of trunk and tail switch hair loss, inappetance and decreased productivity along with various forms of reproductive problems were also observed. [go.gale.com]

  […] consciousness fetor oris: distinctive garlicky odor Chronic selenium toxicity (selenosis) Chronic toxicity may present with features of acute toxicity plus: dermatological sequelae: often the initial symptoms/signs nails e.g. brittleness, leuconychia, etc. rash alopecia [radiopaedia.org]

  Symptoms of toxicity: garlicky breath, alopecia, peripheral neuropathy Selenium, like arsenic, inactivates the sulphhydral groups of amino acids. [medsafe.govt.nz]

  “Paradise Nut Paradox: Alopecia Due to Selenosis from a Nutritional Therapy.” International Journal of Trichology 4.4 (2012): 283–284. PMC. Web. 29 Mar. 2016. "Public Health Statement for Selenium." Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. [globalhealingcenter.com]

• Skin Rash

  Too much selenium can also cause diarrhea and nausea, skin rashes, skin lesions, irritability and fatigue. In rare and serious cases, selenosis can also cause kidney failure, cardiac failure and death. [healthyeating.sfgate.com]

  rashes, gastrointestinal upset, and neurologic dysfunction such as disorientation. [ijtrichology.com]

• Eczema

  Eczema (atopic dermatitis). Research suggests that taking yeast that is enriched with 600 mcg of selenium daily for 12 weeks, alone or together with vitamin E, does not improve the severity of eczema. Heart disease. [webmd.com]

• Irritability

  Respiratory symptoms of selenium poisoning include mucous membrane irritation, coughing, garlicky breath odor, bronchitis, bronchial pneumonia, reduced respiratory rate, and ultimately, pulmonary edema and death. [livestrong.com]

  All of these minerals can form oxides that the body may use to irritate and stimulate adrenal activity. This phenomenon is described fully in a separate article entitled Manganese, Iron, and Aluminum, The Amigos. [drlwilson.com]

  High blood levels of selenium can result in selenosis, with gastrointestinal distress, hair loss, white spots on nails, fatigue, and irritability. Chromium is another trace mineral that humans require in very small amounts. [drweil.com]

  Too much selenium can also cause diarrhea and nausea, skin rashes, skin lesions, irritability and fatigue. In rare and serious cases, selenosis can also cause kidney failure, cardiac failure and death. [healthyeating.sfgate.com]

  High doses of selenium can cause significant side effects including nausea, vomiting, nail changes, loss of energy, and irritability. [webmd.com]

• Tremor

  They include fatigue, irritability, listlessness, reduced mental alertness, emotional instability, hand tremors, tingling or loss of sensation in the arms or legs, reduced blood pressure and ultimately, unconsciousness and death. [livestrong.com]

  […] chronic, with some overlap: Acute selenium toxicity cardiac dysfunction: hypotension, tachycardia, pulmonary edema ECG: long QT, flattening/inversion of T-waves 4 lassitude nausea and vomiting diarrhea abdominal pain neurological dysfunction e.g. ataxia, tremor [radiopaedia.org]

  Selenium can also cause muscle tenderness, tremor, lightheadedness, facial flushing, blood clotting problems, liver and kidney problems, and other side effects. [webmd.com]

• Paresthesia

  […] with features of acute toxicity plus: dermatological sequelae: often the initial symptoms/signs nails e.g. brittleness, leuconychia, etc. rash alopecia hepatic dysfunction hematopoietic impairment loss of fertility neurotoxicity e.g. hyperreflexia, paresthesia [radiopaedia.org]

  Some studies have reported alterations in keratin structure, gastrointestinal problems and paresthesia in populations with high Se intake. [hero.epa.gov]

• Confusion

  […] some overlap: Acute selenium toxicity cardiac dysfunction: hypotension, tachycardia, pulmonary edema ECG: long QT, flattening/inversion of T-waves 4 lassitude nausea and vomiting diarrhea abdominal pain neurological dysfunction e.g. ataxia, tremor, confusion [radiopaedia.org]

  Usual symptoms include confusion, nausea, vomiting or even falling into a coma. Long-term chronic exposure occurs over a long period of time and often the symptoms develop slowly. So it is easy to misdiagnose and attribute them to other causes. [testcountry.org]

• Seizure

  […] features of acute toxicity plus: dermatological sequelae: often the initial symptoms/signs nails e.g. brittleness, leuconychia, etc. rash alopecia hepatic dysfunction hematopoietic impairment loss of fertility neurotoxicity e.g. hyperreflexia, paresthesia, seizures [radiopaedia.org]

Treatment and prognosis Treatment is primarily supportive. Chelation is not recommended as animal research suggests that it may paradoxically increase overall toxicity 4. Most of the toxic effects are reversible. [radiopaedia.org]

Concurrent treatment with Se reduced the Cd-induced histopathological changes in the testis, oxidative stress, endocrine disorder and apoptosis, suggesting that the toxic effects of cadmium on the testes is ameliorated by Se. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A more complete treatment of Indo-European roots and the English words derived from them is available in our Dictionary of Indo-European Roots. [ahdictionary.com]

[…] the nervous system, gastrointestinal problems and hair loss. fatemeh yaghoobizadeh, mohammad Roayaei Ardekani, hossein zolgharnein 2016, 'Screening and identification of efficient strain in selenium oxyanions sorption in order to biological wastewater treatment [collinsdictionary.com]

Treatment and prognosis Treatment is primarily supportive. Chelation is not recommended as animal research suggests that it may paradoxically increase overall toxicity 4. Most of the toxic effects are reversible. [radiopaedia.org]

This profile includes: (a) The exam¿n. of toxicologic info. and epidemiologic evaluations on SE to ascertain the levels of significant human exposure for the substance and the chronic health effects; (b) A determination of whether adequate info. on the [books.google.com]

Author information 1 CREAGEN, Research Center of Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology, Section of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. 2 Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Selenium and lung cancer: a quantitative analysis of heterogeneity in the current epidemiological literature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004;13(5):771-778. (PubMed) 29. Yoshizawa K, Willett WC, Morris SJ, et al. [lpi.oregonstate.edu]

Thus, selenium may have a role in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. [1] These preventive effects and potential health benefits motivate people to consume dietary compounds containing selenium. [ijtrichology.com]

The manuscript elaborates on selenium poisoning in animals and prevention and control of selenium poisoning. Acute selenium poisoning, chronic selenium poisoning by inorganic selenium, and recognition of poisonous range plants are also discussed. [books.google.com]

Selenium is also used for preventing serious complications and death from critical illnesses such as head injury and burns. It is also used for preventing bird flu, treating HIV /AIDS, and reducing side effects from cancer chemotherapy. [webmd.com]

It also has antioxidant properties that help prevent cellular damage from free radicals. One of its most valuable roles is as a cofactor of glutathione peroxidase, an important antioxidant enzyme. [drweil.com]

As mentioned above, selenium might be a valuable food additive to prevent some cancers. [portail.polytechnique.edu]