Due to the fact that bacteria belonging to the Serratia spp. class can affect a multitude of organs, a Serratia infection can lead to symptoms that vary and are categorized depending on the affected system.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are amongst the most common types of infection caused, and patients usually present with symptoms typically expected in a UTI. These include dysuria, fever, hematuria and abnormally frequent urination. Prior instrumentation of the urinary tract or surgical procedures are reported in up to 50% of the patients diagnosed with a Serratia urinary tract infection; patients suffering from diabetes mellitus or renal failure are at a greater risk of developing such an infection.

Infections of the respiratory tract can also be caused by a bacterium of the Serratia species, especially in patients affected by chronic pulmonary conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The infection may progress to pneumonia, although this is an uncommon occurrence. Typical symptoms of pneumonia include thoracic pain, cough, fever, hypotension, dyspnea and pseudo hemoptysis [1] [2].

Serratia spp can also cause cerebral abscesses or meningitis. Underlying conditions such as sepsis in neonates and children and open trauma, as well as invasive procedures (neurosurgery, lumbar puncture), increase the risk for such a central nervous system infection [3]. Symptoms elicited by a Serratia meningitis encompass lethargy, cephalalgia, vomiting, a decreased level of consciousness, and even coma.

Serratia can also be responsible for infections of the abdominal cavity, such as abdominal abscesses or peritonitis. Fever, malaise, abdominal discomfort or pain are the symptoms expected in the case of an intra-abdominal infection; peritonitis should be suspected in patients presenting with severe abdominal pain, high fever, and chills. Peritoneal dialysis may be complicated by peritonitis caused by Serratia bacterium [4].

Intravenous drug use, intra-articular injections, open trauma or surgery can lead to osteomyelitis and arthritis due to a Serratia colonization. Osteomyelitis induces symptoms such as pain, edema, and erythema in the affected region, fever, and chills, whereas arthritis leads to painful and inflamed joints. Chronic granulomatous disease in infants is frequently complicated by osteomyelitis due to Serratia [5].

Finally, Serratia spp. may be responsible for various other types of human infections. Patients may present with otalgia and otorrhea due to otitis media; with fever, respiratory compromise, hypotension and, in a comatose state in generalized sepsis. Soft tissues are also susceptible to Serratia infections and patients may present with infected scars, phlebitis, and cellulitis. Women who breastfeed may report their breastmilk turning pink, which is a typical symptom of Serratia postpartum mastitis [6] [7].

• Severe Abdominal Pain

  Fever, malaise, abdominal discomfort or pain are the symptoms expected in the case of an intra-abdominal infection; peritonitis should be suspected in patients presenting with severe abdominal pain, high fever, and chills. [symptoma.com]

• Oral Ulcers

  He was complaining of productive cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever off and on and oral ulcers. The patient had taken antitubercular treatment for three months in 1995, then again for one month in 1997. He had also undergone bronchoscopy in 1997. [ijmm.org]

• Otalgia

  Patients may present with otalgia and otorrhea due to otitis media; with fever, respiratory compromise, hypotension and, in a comatose state in generalized sepsis. [symptoma.com]

• Headache

  Premature children and infants with an existing diagnosis of sepsis, or after experiencing some kind of head surgery or neurosurgery may develop meningitis caused by Serratia Marcescens with symptoms including headache, fever, vomiting, stupor and may [deadlymicrobes.com]

Given that the clinical presentation of a Serratia infection is extremely variable, the workup involved is non-specific and guided by the particular symptoms with which each patient presents.

Generally, blood samples should be taken and a complete blood count is expected to illustrate leucocytosis with distinctive neutrophilia, anemia and more than 10% of immature neutrophils. Leukopenia can be observed but is a rather uncommon laboratory result. A complete biochemical profile should also be carried out, in order to evaluate creatinine, glucose, urea and electrolyte levels.

A culture and antibiogram are mandatory in order to accurately diagnose a Serratia infection. The most common bacterial subtype isolated is S. marcenscens [8]. Blood, fluid from effusions, abscesses, catheters or IV fluids that are potentially contaminated all constitute good samples for a culture.

If meningitis is suspected, a lumbar puncture should be performed. A cerebrospinal fluid analysis will reveal pleocytosis of a polynuclear morphology, low glucose, and high protein levels. Respiratory infections are primarily investigated with a chest radiograph. An ultrasonographic (US) or computerized tomography (CT) scan can be used to detect possible intra-abdominal abscesses and echocardiography can be employed to detect valvular abnormalities consistent with endocarditis.

The patient had taken antitubercular treatment for three months in 1995, then again for one month in 1997. He had also undergone bronchoscopy in 1997. The patient was non-smoker. [ijmm.org]

This rare skin infection with S. marcescens requires specific microbiological diagnosis and antibiotic treatment. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. REFERENCES [medicaljournals.se]

The patient also had uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and iron deficiency anemia, which altered her response to surgical treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The treatment regimen was different at the 2 sites with the most patients affected. [revistanefrologia.com]

An appropriate antimicrobial treatment attained clinical and microbiological cure in all cases, in absence of related mortality or relapses. [link.springer.com]

Microbial etiologies of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 51(suppl 1):S81–S87. Google Scholar 21. Laupland, KB, Parkins, MD, Gregson, DB, Church, DL, Ross, T, Pitout, JD. [journals.sagepub.com]

"The etiology of white pox, a lethal disease of the Caribbean elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata ". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99 (13): 8725–30. doi : 10.1073/pnas.092260099. PMC 124366. PMID 12077296. ^ Vasantharajan VN, Munirathnamma N (1978). [en.wikipedia.org]

Microbial etiologies of hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Aug 1. 51 Suppl 1:S81-7. [Medline]. Posluszny JA Jr, Conrad P, Halerz M, Shankar R, Gamelli RL. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Urinary tract infections in the early posttransplant period after kidney transplantation: etiologic agents and their susceptibility. Transplant Proc 2011;43:2991-2993. [PubMed] 54. Khan AS, Dancer SJ, Humphreys H. [antimicrobe.org]

the journal of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. [shea-online.org]

There have been many reports concerning the identification, antibiotic susceptibility, pathogenicity, epidemiological investigations and typing of this organism. Accurate identification is important in defining outbreaks. [doi.org]

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, 19(10), 791-794. [jhu.pure.elsevier.com]

Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology ISSN: 0899-823X EISSN: 1559-6834 URL: /core/journals/infection-control-and-hospital-epidemiology × [cambridge.org]

Epidemiological typing revealed that all representative isolates taken from the outbreak were of the same serotype, O21:K14. [nature.com]

[…] opportunistic pathogen in humans. [10] Derivatives of prodigiosin have recently been found to have immunosuppressive properties and antitumor activity in vivo [11, 12] and are also currently being considered as a candidate treatment for Chagas disease. [13] Pathophysiology [emedicine.medscape.com]

It might also prevent the timely implementation of infection-control measures crucial to interrupt the transmission of Serratia among infants in a NICU. [lfm-hcs.com]

Containment/Prevention To prevent spreading Klebsiella infections between patients, healthcare personnel must follow specific sanitation and infection control precautions. [digjamaica.com]

This case illustrates the necessity for early identification of infective organisms and determining their antibiotic sensitivity, as well as the need for prophylactic removal of impacted teeth to prevent complications such as those presented. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1985. [wwwnc.cdc.gov]

Aragon D, & Sole ML. (2006) Implementing Best Practice Strategies to Prevent Infection in the ICU. Crit. Care Nurs. Clin. North Am. 18 (4) 441- 452. [profinf.net]

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