Some common presentations include:

• Urogenital

Presentation can be simply that the genitals are red and sore to sometimes painful and swollen. There may be a burning sensation in urinating and a white or coloured discharge may be found from the vagina or penis. There may be sores, ulcers, blisters or warts.

• Systemic

If the infection has spread, there may be systemic effects [3]. The infective agent may affect the heart, kidneys, brain, eyes, joints, etc.

• Inflammation

  Importantly, evidence for M. genitalium PID and infertility are quite convincing and indicate that a significant proportion of upper tract inflammation may be attributed to this elusive pathogen. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Diagnostic Considerations Clinicians should attempt to obtain objective evidence of urethral inflammation. [cdc.gov]

  Angela Murphy – Role of macrophage-induced inflammation in colon cancer Carole Oskeritzian – Targeting skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis Gregorio Gomez – Effect of resveratrol on IgE-dependent mast cell functions in allergies Dev Karan – Targeting [pathmicro.med.sc.edu]

  In ten days or a fortnight the inflammation gradually subsides, a thin watery discharge remaining which is known as gleet. [en.wikisource.org]

  This suggests that a high microscopic threshold of inflammation is not a more specific sign of M. genitalium cervicitis and might also fail to detect less severe inflammation. [dx.doi.org]

• Asymptomatic

  Furthermore, local programs should pilot outreach and home-based STD screening programs to determine if they are identifying asymptomatic persons who would not have otherwise been found. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  STDs in women tend to go untreated because they are often asymptomatic. As already noted, an untreated STD increases susceptibility to HIV infection. [fhi360.org]

  Screening of asymptomatic patients is of utmost importance in order to prevent sequelae. [web.archive.org]

• Candidiasis

  Abstract The management of genitourinary candidiasis (GC) is fraught with challenges, especially, in an era of increasing antifungal resistance. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Leu Candidiasis (yeast infection) is caused by Candida albicans (sometimes called Monilia albicans), which produces in women a thick, whitish vaginal discharge and causes irritation and itching in the genital area. [britannica.com]

  Cunnilingus appears to predispose to recurrent vaginal candidiasis although the mechanism for this is unclear, while a link between oro-genital sex and bacterial vaginosis is currently being studied. [dx.doi.org]

• Lymphadenopathy

  Inguinal lymphadenopathy is present in about 50% of the patients with genital ulcer diseases. Genital herpes typically presents with multiple, shallow ulcers and bilateral lymphadenopathy. [web.archive.org]

  Three were diagnosed in 2009 in HIV-negative heterosexuals patients that presented the classical genito-ulcerative form with lymphadenopathy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Regional lymphadenopathy adjacent to the chancre may develop during primary syphilis. The swollen lymph nodes are firm, nonsuppurative. Lymphadenopathy may persist for months, despite healing of the chancre. [atsu.edu]

  Primary genital HSV infection can range from asymptomatic infection to a severe syndrome with multiple painful genital ulcers, fevers, dysuria, and tender lymphadenopathy. [clinicaladvisor.com]

  Look for lumps, swelling, lymphadenopathy, abnormal discharge, sores, ulcers, tears and scars around the genitals and in between the skin folds of the vulva. Speculum examination for: Vaginal discharge and redness of the vaginal walls (vaginitis). [patient.info]

• Unsafe Sexual Practices

  Sexually Transmitted Diseases Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a real and unfortunate result of unsafe sexual practices. They can be transmitted through oral, vaginal, or anal intercourse. [med.nyu.edu]

  The frequency of unsafe sexual practices and the reported rates of bacterial STDs and incident HIV infection declined substantially in MSM from the 1980s through the mid-1990s. [cdc.gov]

• Constipation

  […] sex Later Lymphogranuloma venereum Symptoms (2-6 Weeks After Exposure) Open sores in the genitals Swollen lymph nodes in the groin Headache Anal sores and rectal discharge or bleeding if the infection was acquired through anal sex Painful urination Constipation [onhealth.com]

  Proctitis may generate diarrhea or constipation, and in classical proctitis, tenesmus is detected. The tertiary stage refers to late complications that affect the rectum and the genitals, including elephantiasis. [scielo.br]

  Rectal exposure in women or MSM might result in proctocolitis (including mucoid and/or hemorrhagic rectal discharge, anal pain, constipation, fever, and/or tenesmus). [cdc.gov]

• Ulcer

  The papule evolves to a pustule over 24 to 48 hours and then ulcerates (figure 25-26). Men tend to note significant pain with the ulcer whereas women may not notice the ulcer. [web.archive.org]

  Some of these symptoms include: red, swollen and painful genitals, discharge from penis or vagina, ulcers or warts, burning micturition, etc. [symptoma.com]

  ulcer Nonindurated, tender ulcers with ragged, undermined edges and a red border, varying in size and often coalescing Regional adenopathy Chancroid Small papule or ulcer, often asymptomatic or unnoticed Severely tender and painful adenopathy, sometimes [merckmanuals.com]

  Genital herpes ulcers are preceded by vesicular lesions that then break open and result in irregularly shaped ulcers. Chancroid and syphilitic ulcers, also called chancres, are usually more uniform in shape. [atsu.edu]

• Blister

  […] less painful avoiding tight clothing because it may irritate the blisters and ulcers. [avert.org]

  Herpes The primary symptom of herpes is painful blisters around the penis, vagina, or anus. These blisters might form inside the vagina or anus so that you can't see them. Also, not everyone who has herpes will develop these blisters. [navicenthealth.org]

  HSV-1 causes cold sores and fever blisters and HSV-2 causes genital herpes. Genital Herpes are blisters on the genitals and once they rupture leave painful ulcers that can take weeks to heal. [coursera.org]

  There may be sores, ulcers, blisters or warts. Systemic If the infection has spread, there may be systemic effects. The infective agent may affect the heart, kidneys, brain, eyes, joints, etc. [symptoma.com]

  Finally, a blister forms. The blisters and subsequent ulcers that form when the blisters break, are usually very painful to touch and may last from 7 days to 2 weeks. [medicinenet.com]

• Vertigo

  Symptoms in acute meningitis are seen within 2 years of infection and are a lot like other meningitis symptoms (i.e., headache, vertigo nausea, vomiting, generalized convulsions, cervical rigidity, positive Kernig's and Brudzinski's signs). [atsu.edu]

• Vaginal Discharge

  Vaginal discharge Normal vagina and cervix during a medical speculum exam demonstrating IUD strings at the opening of the cervix and normal milky white vaginal discharge on the vaginal walls, cervix, and pooled in vaginal fornix. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Considering more than 20 studies of lower tract inflammation, M. genitalium has been positively associated with urethritis, vaginal discharge, and microscopic signs of cervicitis and/or mucopurulent cervical discharge in seven of 14 studies. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  and vaginal discharge. [dx.doi.org]

• Salpingitis

  PID can manifest as endometritis, salpingitis, adnexitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, pelvic peritonitis (figure 46) or perihepatitis. The most common manifestation of PID is salpingitis, and these terms are used synonymously in the literature. [web.archive.org]

  Observations concerning the microbial etiology of acute salpingitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170 (4) 1008-1014, discussion 1014–1017 84 Jossens MO, Schachter J, Sweet RL. [dx.doi.org]

  Detection of novel organisms associated with salpingitis, by use of 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis. 2004; 190 (12):2109–2120. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 89. Sweet RL, Gibbs RS. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Dysuria

  Primary genital HSV infection can range from asymptomatic infection to a severe syndrome with multiple painful genital ulcers, fevers, dysuria, and tender lymphadenopathy. [clinicaladvisor.com]

  Men infected with M. genitalium frequently present with dysuria, while women may present with or without urogenital symptoms. [doi.org]

  Vaginitis presents with an increase in the amount, odor or color of discharge and may be accompanied by itching, dysuria, dyspareunia, edema or irritation of the vulva. [web.archive.org]

  Symptoms, if present, include dysuria; urethral pruritis; and mucoid, mucopurulent, or purulent discharge. Signs of urethral discharge on examination can also be present in persons without symptoms. [cdc.gov]

  Initial manifestations include local pain, tenderness, itching sensation, and dysuria. The pain associated with dysuria in females is described as more of an “external pain”. [atsu.edu]

• Syphilitic Chancre

  chancre Clusters of small, painful superficial ulcers on an erythematous base Sometimes with vesicles Inguinal adenopathy Herpes simplex virus infection Shallow painful ulcer Nonindurated, tender ulcers with ragged, undermined edges and a red border, [merckmanuals.com]

  A syphilitic chancre not only increases transmission of HIV by causing a breakdown of the skin, but also increases the number of inflammatory cells receptive to HIV. [web.archive.org]

  Syphilitic chancres are indurated (i.e., hard chancre) and are highly infectious. They may occur anywhere on the body and are painless. The chancre will heal in 3-6 weeks. [atsu.edu]

The work up includes blood sampling for culture and sensitivity. A swab sample of fluids may be collected from the throat, cervix, vaginal canal and/or rectum in females and throat, penile urethra and/or rectum in males.

Laboratory Tests Results

• Gram staining: Gram staining may be done to check for the organism involved.
• PCR: A Polymerase Chain Reaction test maybe done for more accurate results.
• C/S: Culture and sensitivity of either blood samples, urine or swab samples may be done for accurate results.

If the test results come positive for one STD, treatment is immediately started. Other STDs are also checked.

• Chlamydia

  Chlamydia Chlamydia may be the most ruthless of the STD’s when it comes to causing fertility trouble. More than 40% of untreated Chlamydia infections cause inflammation of the fallopian tubes which can leave scarring and block the fallopian tubes. [natural-fertility-info.com]

  CONCLUSIONS: Providers reported many obstacles to routine chlamydia and gonorrhea screening. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Common STDs and Causative Agents: Bacterial Chlamydia infection is caused by a bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis. Gonorhea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhea. Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum. Chancroid by Hemophilius ducreyi. [symptoma.com]

  Chlamydia: Case reports have been increasing steadily over the past 20 years, and in 2010, 1.3 million chlamydia cases were reported. [web.archive.org]

• Human Papillomavirus

  A 2012 online survey of 2,794 MSM found that 51%, 36%, and 14% reported receiving human immunodeficiency virus testing, sexually transmitted disease testing, and human papillomavirus vaccination, respectively. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI). [doi.org]

  It is also the first time the study measured human papillomavirus. Dr. [web.archive.org]

• Chlamydia Trachomatis

  KEYWORDS: Chlamydia trachomatis; genotype; men attending STD (sexually transmitted disease) clinic; urine [Indexed for MEDLINE] Free full text [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Mycoplasma Hominis

  The ones you may have to worry about are: Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma genitalium Mycoplasma hominis Ureaplasma urealyticum Ureaplasma parvum Mycoplasma pneumoniae This type causes lung infections. [web.archive.org]

  We performed a meta-analysis to explore the association between infection caused by Neisseria gonorrheae, Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Herpes Simplex Virus types 1 and 2, [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In addition, we cultured for ureaplasmas and Mycoplasma hominis and tested for Mycoplasma genitalium by PCR. [doi.org]

The exact treatment varies depending upon the type of STD it is. But generally, treatment is either oral or parenterally administered antibiotics. The common regime used these days for gonorrhea and chlamydia infection is Ceftriaxone, Azithromycin and Doxycycline given in a combination to prevent reoccurrence.

STDs, if treated adequately, have a good prognosis, unless it's an incurable one like AIDS. Symptoms are mild at first and if the diagnosis is made on time, and appropriate antibiotics are administered, symptoms regress completely.

However, if for example primary syphilis is left untreated and it progresses to tertiary syphilis, it may cause irreversible damage.

Complications

If left untreated, an STD may lead to:

Males

• Septic arthritis
• Epidydimisitis
• Oligospermia
• Sterility
• Systemic defects involving the heart, brain and joints

Females

• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Septic arthritis
• Septic abortion
• Infertility
• Ectopic pregnancies
• Systemic defects involving the heart, brain and joints

A sexually transmitted disease is caused by microorganisms which are transferred from an infected individual to his/her sexual partner during intercourse.

Mode of Transmission:

• Sexual Transmission

This is the most common mode of transmission. An individual may knowingly or unknowingly transmit the pathogen to his or her sexual partner by either oral, vaginal or anal sex. Depending upon the kind of intercourse performed, the microbes may start an infection in that area. For example, anal sex leads to development of disease primarily in the rectum, oral sex leads to infection in the throat, etc. [10].

• Intravenous Drug Abuse

Drug addicts often share needles and syringes with each other and this unsanitary and unchecked misuse is also a leading cause of transferring infections. Of such, HIV is a very commonly transferred disease.

• Mother to child

Some STDs can be transferred from an infected mother to her child during childbirth when the baby passes through the infected birth canal. STDs like Gonorrhea can be transferred from mother to child during cord clamping as a fluid exchange may occur.

• Other

Other causes include exposure to a pathogen on an open wound, administration of donor blood that is contaminated with a microbe, etc.

Incidence

Studies conducted by the Centres of Disease Control reveal that there are 19.7 million new cases of sexually transmitted diseases occurring in the United States annually [1]. It is estimated that one in every 4 teenagers contracts an STI and/or STD each year.

Sex

Most STDs, though not all, are more common in women than in men. The exact prevalence varies with different types of STDs. Female to male ratios of some common STDs are mentioned below:

• Chlamydia infection occurs in 592.2 per 100,000 people in females as compared to just 219.3 per 100,000 people in males. 
• Gonorrhea occurs in 105.5 per 100,000 people in females as compared to just 91.9 per 100,000 people in males. 
• But in the case of Syphilis, the rate among men is much higher. The ratio being almost 1:7 in the US in 2009.

Age

STDs can occur at any age, ranging from in babies (in the case of gonorrhea which can be contracted by an infant during birth from an infected mother) to old age. But it is most commonly found in young people between 15-24 years of age.

Race

Most STDs are more prevalent in people belonging to the African-American race than in white people.

Most Prevalent STDs

• The most common STD in the world is Chlamydia infection.
• The second most common STD in the world is Gonorrhea.

When an affected individual has unprotected sexual intercourse with his/her sexual partner, the bacteria or other microbes enter into the genital tract. The primary area of infection depends upon the type of intercourse performed, for example, vaginal intercourse may cause the primary area of infection to be the vagina and cervix, anal intercourse leads to a primary infection in the rectum, oral sex leads to a throat infection, etc. [9].

Once a primary infection has been established, symptoms may or may not appear. The microbes may move from the genital tract to the lymphatic system and then enter the blood stream. If that happens, systemic effects appear [7].

Common STDs and Causative Agents:

Bacterial

• Chlamydia infection is caused by a bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis.
• Gonorhea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhea.
• Syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidum.
• Chancroid by Hemophilius ducreyi.

Viral

• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS.
• Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes most commonly genital warts.
• Herpes simplex virus type 2 causes herpes [4].

Protozoal

• Trichomoniasis caused by Trichomona vaginalis.

Fungal

• Candidiasis is caused by Yeast.

Common Symptoms:

• Red, swollen genitals
• Pain and burning sensation during micturation
• Greenish-yellow or white coloured penile/vaginal discharge
• Spotting after sexual intercourse
• Bleeding between menstrual periods
• Lower abdominal and pelvic pain, sometimes mimicking pain of PID
• Ulcers on and around genitals
• Warts or blisters on and around genitals 
• Sore throat (oral sex)
• Swollen glands in the throat (oral sex)
• Pain in defecation (anal sex)
• Itching and general discomfort around anus and genitals

STDs can be easily prevented. Preventive measures include:

• Using latex condoms during intercourse [5]
• Getting checked for STDs, at least once a year if sexually active
• Having only one sexual partner
• No drug abuse
• Using syringes, donated blood, etc from reliable and well sanitised centres

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are a leading cause of hospital check ups in the world. Studied under a separate branch of science called Venereology, sexually transmitted diseases can be caused by a number of pathogens resulting in an extensive range of diseases.

It should be noted that the term STD should not be confused with STI (sexually transmitted infection). An STI indicates that a person is infected with a certain pathogen, but he is asymptomatic and that infection has not progressed to a disease yet [2]. An STD however, denotes that the infection is not latent anymore but has progressed to the disease. So it should be clear that the term STI has a broader range as it covers everyone with an infection by a known venereal disease causing pathogen and that person, symptomatic or not, has the potential to infect others as well.

Although very diverse on the basis of causative agents and signs, STDs may have a number of things in common. Some of these symptoms include: red, swollen and painful genitals, discharge from penis or vagina, ulcers or warts, burning micturition [8], etc.

Definition

A sexually transmitted disease is a bacterial, viral or fungal infection that infects the genital tract.

Cause

The microbes may enter the body through unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex, or from contaminated needles and blood [6].

Signs and Symptoms

Common signs and symptoms include red swollen genitals, discharge from the penis or vagina, a feeling of burning pain during urination, warts, ulcers, etc.

Treatment

Treatment is usually of an antibiotics course.

Prevention

STDs can be very easily avoided if proper precautionary measures are taken. These include use of latex condoms during sex, regular testing for STDs if multiple sexual partners, spreading awareness among youngsters, etc.

1. Naidu KM. Epidemiology and Management. Community Health Nursing. Gyan Publishing House 2010. p. 248.
2. Department of Public Health, City & County of San Francisco (2011). STD Risks
3. Pearson R. Pinworm Infection. Merck Manual Home Health Handbook 2007
4. Verdonck K, González E, Van Dooren S, Vandamme AM, Vanham G, Gotuzzo E. Human T-lymphotropic virus 1: Recent knowledge about an ancient infection. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2007 7 (4): 266. 
5. Villhauer T. Condoms Preventing HPV?. University of Iowa Student Health Service/Health Iowa 2005
6. Quilliam S. The Cringe Report.  J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2011. 37(2): 110–112.
7. Shafer MA, Moscicki AB. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2006. pp. 1–8.
8. Oriel JD. The Scars of Venus: A History of Venereology. London: Springer-Verlag 1994
9. Gilbert MT, Rambaut A, Wlasiuk G, Spira TJ, Pitchenik AE, Worobey M. The emergence of HIV/AIDS in the Americas and beyond. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007 104 (47): 18566–70. 
10. CBC News Staff, Study traces origins of syphilis in Europe to New World. January 2008