The shuA gene is present in a discrete locus, designated the haem transport locus, containing eight open reading frames. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Critical Essential Core Tested Community Questions (3) (M1.MC.42) A 14-year-old boy presents with abdominal pain and diarrhea after returning from an East Asian vacation. Stool sample reveals the presence of red and white blood cells. [step1.medbullets.com]

• Malnutrition

  The most commonly observed signs associated with Shigella dysentery include: Diarrhea Cramping Abdominal pain Malnutrition Rectal prolapse Tenesmus Reactive arthritis Anemia [quiplabs.com]

  Interventions to address malnutrition and to promote environmental hygiene would be predicted to offer greater protection against shigellosis due to S. dysenteriae than S. flexneri. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The most commonly observed signs associated with Shigella dysentery include colitis, malnutrition, rectal prolapse, tenesmus, reactive arthritis, and central nervous system problems. [bacteria.cz]

  [citation needed] Signs and symptoms[edit] The most commonly observed signs associated with Shigella dysentery include colitis, malnutrition, rectal prolapse, tenesmus, reactive arthritis, and central nervous system problems. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Asymptomatic

  Asymptomatic colonization of the organism in the colon develops in a small number of patients and represents a persistent reservoir for infection. B. [microbenotes.com]

  […] serious form of bacillary dysentery Shigella flexneri : most common cause of shigellosis in underdeveloped countries Shigella sonnei : most common cause of shigellosis in developed countries Shigella boydii Clinical Syndromes (shigellosis) : Ranges from asymptomatic [life.umd.edu]

  It is also possible to get Shigella but experience no symptoms, and still be contagious to others, a condition known as being asymptomatic. Common Shigella Food Poisoning Symptoms Diarrhea: Diarrhea ranges from mild to severe. [foodborneillness.com]

  Crossref PubMed Scopus (1) Google Scholar however, infection can be asymptomatic. [thelancet.com]

  These organisms may be carried in the stools of asymptomatic people for up to several months and may be spread through contact with contaminated objects, food, or flies, especially in poor, crowded areas. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Fatigue

  […] cells by inhibiting protein synthesis neurotoxic, cytotoxic, and enterotoxic produced by S. dysenteriae Associated conditions shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) reactive arthritis Prognosis symptoms occur a few days after exposure Presentation Symptoms fatigue [step1.medbullets.com]

  In hemolytic-uremic syndrome, red blood cells are destroyed, causing anemia with fatigue, weakness, and light-headedness. Blood clots abnormally, causing the kidneys to stop functioning. Seizures or strokes can also occur. [merckmanuals.com]

• Sepsis

  The infection is worrying because it can cause sepsis or encephalopathy (characterised by seizures or altered sensorium) in children People should be aware and alert about fever with diarrhoea. [thehindu.com]

  […] serious in infants and young children Most cases occur in children under 6, and most fatalities occur in this group, but elderly, malnourished or debilitated patients are also prone to lethal infections Potential complications include severe dehydration, sepsis [pathologyoutlines.com]

  Clinicians were alerted to likely failure of first-line agents used in sepsis protocols in the UK (usually a β-lactam with β-lactam inhibitor combination and an aminoglycoside). [thelancet.com]

• Chronic Infection

  Antibiotics are about 90% effective in eliminating these chronic infections. Key terms Antibiotic — A medication that is designed to kill or weaken bacteria. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Diarrhea

  Snapshot A 6-year-old girl is brought in to the emergency department for a 2-day history of fever and watery diarrhea. This morning, the diarrhea contained some blood. She had just traveled to Bangladesh to visit relatives. [step1.medbullets.com]

  Six strains belonging to provisional serovars of S. dysenteriae were also identified for the first time in patients hospitalized with diarrhea in Kolkata, India. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Abdominal Pain

  Critical Essential Core Tested Community Questions (3) (M1.MC.42) A 14-year-old boy presents with abdominal pain and diarrhea after returning from an East Asian vacation. Stool sample reveals the presence of red and white blood cells. [step1.medbullets.com]

  The most commonly observed signs associated with Shigella dysentery include: Diarrhea Cramping Abdominal pain Malnutrition Rectal prolapse Tenesmus Reactive arthritis Anemia [quiplabs.com]

• Tenesmus

  The most commonly observed signs associated with Shigella dysentery include: Diarrhea Cramping Abdominal pain Malnutrition Rectal prolapse Tenesmus Reactive arthritis Anemia [quiplabs.com]

  […] synthesis neurotoxic, cytotoxic, and enterotoxic produced by S. dysenteriae Associated conditions shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) reactive arthritis Prognosis symptoms occur a few days after exposure Presentation Symptoms fatigue malaise anorexia tenesmus [step1.medbullets.com]

• Nausea

  Nausea, vomiting, myalgias, and dehydration were frequently noted. [cdc.gov]

  The mean incubation period until onset of diarrhea was 25 hours and was preceded by nausea, abdominal discomfort, and bloating. Patients were treated with ciprofloxacin. No deaths occurred among the ill workers. [ojp.gov]

  Shigella infections can cause stomach cramps, nausea and diarrhoea, and worryingly it is also increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Read on for five more Shigella facts that you may not know… 1. [biocote.com]

  There is also fever and nausea that accompany the diarrhea. Some people however also suffer from vomiting and cramping, and some show no symptoms at all. [web.uconn.edu]

• Abdominal Cramps

  Shigellosis Shigellosis is characterized by: Abdominal cramps Diarrhea Fever Bloody stools The clinical signs and symptoms of the disease appear 1 to 3 days after the bacteria are ingested. [microbenotes.com]

  Patients presented with chills, fever, abdominal cramps, and the abrupt onset of profuse watery or bloody diarrhea. Nausea, vomiting, myalgias, and dehydration were frequently noted. [cdc.gov]

  The symptoms of a Shigella dysentery include high-grade fever, drowsiness which is unexplainable by the degree of dehydration, abdominal cramps and blood-mucous type diarrhoea. [thehindu.com]

  It causes an intestinal tract infection that produces abdominal cramps, fever, and diarrhea. Shigella is extremely contagious. In fact, it is so contagious that if even 10 individual bacteria get into your system, you can become infected! [giantmicrobes.com]

  […] pits) and causes irreversible inactivation of the 60S ribosomal subunit, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis, causing cell death, microvasculature damage to the intestine, and hemorrhage (blood and fecal leukocytes in stool) Neurotoxic effect : Fever, abdominal [life.umd.edu]

• Ulcer

  The illness resembled fulminant ulcerative colitis and its infectious nature was difficult to establish because several fecal cultures failed to grow the pathogen. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Infection with this organism often leads to ulceration of the intestinal epithelium. [connects.catalyst.harvard.edu]

  The pathogenicity of shigellosis involves invasion and inflammation of the colonic epithelium, destruction of the superficial mucosa, sloughing of the mucosa, and production of the mucosal ulcers. [catalog.hardydiagnostics.com]

  Bacterial invasion of the colonic epithelium leads to severe inflammation together with bacterial dissemination generates abscesses and ulcerations. [em-consulte.com]

• Erythema

  Gross pathology consists of mucosal edema, erythema, friability, superficial ulceration, and focal mucosal hemorrhage involving the rectosigmoid junction primarily. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  With frequencies indicated in Figure 22-2, there is proximal extension of erythema, edema, loss of vascular pattern, focal hemorrhage, and adherent layers of purulent exudate. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Suggestibility

  It is suggested that surgery in the acute phase should be avoided unless there is evidence of perforation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Kidney Failure

  Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is a group of blood disorders characterized by low red blood cells, acute kidney failure, and low platelets. HUS can occur after S. dysenteriae type 1 infection. [microbenotes.com]

  Further, S. dysenteriae is associated with the development of hemolytic-uremic syndrome, which includes anemia, thrombocytopenia, and kidney failure. [en.wikipedia.org]

  The main findings are kidney failure and damage to red blood cells. As many as 15% of patients die from this complication, and half the survivors develop chronic kidney failure, requiring dialysis. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  HUS can lead to kidney failure. Diagnosis of Shigella A Shigella infection is diagnosed through laboratory testing of a stool sample. [foodborneillness.com]

  The attack on these structures leads to kidney failure and the development of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. [1] Ecology Shigella dysenteriae interacts with humans, other primates, and flies. [en.citizendium.org]

• Seizure

  Neurologic disease: Seizures, the most common neurologic complication, are always associated with fever and are generalized. They are typically nonrecurring and uncomplicated. Seizures are least common with S dysenteriae. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Shigellosis is often associated with intestinal complications, including intestinal perforation, intestinal obstruction, toxic dilatation of the colon, and prolapse of the rectum; systemic complications include septicaemia, hyponatraemia, hypoglycaemia, seizure [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) zinc indication young children outcomes shortens duration of disease in children also improves weight gain Complications Reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome) classic triad of conjunctivitis, urethritis, and arthritis Febrile seizures [step1.medbullets.com]

  Seizures or strokes can also occur. Some adults develop reactive arthritis (inflammation of the joints). Inflammation of the eyes ( uveitis ) and urethra (causing painful urination) may occur weeks to months after the diarrhea. [merckmanuals.com]

• Convulsions

  Convulsions may occur in children; the mechanism may be related to a rapid rate of temperature elevation or metabolic alterations and is associated with the production of the Shiga toxin. [microbenotes.com]

  Convulsions have been reported in up to 25% of Shigella infections involving children under the age of 4 years. Both high fever and a family history of seizures are risk factors for a convulsive episode. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In children under two years of age, the high fever may lead to convulsions or seizures (1). Some infected individuals will have no symptoms of the disease, but are still capable of spreading it (1). [austincc.edu]

• Encephalopathy

  […] is often associated with intestinal complications, including intestinal perforation, intestinal obstruction, toxic dilatation of the colon, and prolapse of the rectum; systemic complications include septicaemia, hyponatraemia, hypoglycaemia, seizure, encephalopathy [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Encephalopathy with lethargy, confusion, and headache has been noted in up to 40% of children hospitalized with Shigella infections. Reactive arthritis (also known as Reiter syndrome) may occur. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  The infection is worrying because it can cause sepsis or encephalopathy (characterised by seizures or altered sensorium) in children People should be aware and alert about fever with diarrhoea. [thehindu.com]

• Febrile Seizures

  seizures Please rate topic. [step1.medbullets.com]

• Meningism

  About Conjugate Vaccines Conjugate vaccines are largely used to prevent important invasive bacterial diseases such as bacteraemia (bloodstream infection), pneumonia, and meningitis, with the market leader achieving nearly USD3 billion in annual sales [businesswire.com]

  10-CM Diagnosis Code A03.9 Shigellosis, unspecified 2016 2017 2018 2019 Billable/Specific Code Applicable To Bacillary dysentery NOS Group A A03.0 ICD-10-CM Codes Adjacent To A03.0 A02.20 Localized salmonella infection, unspecified A02.21 Salmonella meningitis [icd10data.com]

  Meninges — Outer covering of the spinal cord and brain. Infection is called meningitis, which can lead to damage to the brain or spinal cord and lead to death. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Gram-Positive Bacteria

  Six of seven protein secretion pathways have been detected in Gram-negative bacteria and the seventh being usually seen in Gram-positive bacteria (Tseng, Tyler and Setubal 2009). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Colitis

  unspecified 2016 2017 2018 2019 Billable/Specific Code Applicable To Infectious colitis NOS Infectious enteritis NOS Infectious gastroenteritis NOS Type 1 Excludes colitis NOS ( K52.9 ) diarrhea NOS ( R19.7 ) enteritis NOS ( K52.9 ) gastroenteritis [icd10data.com]

  The illness resembled fulminant ulcerative colitis and its infectious nature was difficult to establish because several fecal cultures failed to grow the pathogen. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment failure with ciprofloxacin occurred in six patients who received cefotaxime and amikacin. There were 38 children below 5 yr of age. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Because of the small number of cases in this cluster, the risk of HUS could not be linked to the treatment strategy, although the risk of HUS with antibiotic treatment is still discussed in connection with Shiga toxin—producing E. coli [ 18 ]. [academic.oup.com]

PROGNOSIS AND PREVENTION: Prognosis for those infected is good. This organism can be successfully treated with antibiotics such as ampicillin and ciprofloxacin (in severe cases). Fluids can be given to those individuals suffering from dehydration. [web.uconn.edu]

[…] toxin (enterotoxin) "A" subunit inactivates 60S ribosome kills intestinal cells by inhibiting protein synthesis neurotoxic, cytotoxic, and enterotoxic produced by S. dysenteriae Associated conditions shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) reactive arthritis Prognosis [step1.medbullets.com]

Abstract Summary Shigella Group A, Type 1 ( S. dysenteriae ), was isolated from 18 (35%) of 51 patients with severe dysentery and was considered the etiological agent in those cases. [ajtmh.org]

Publications "Genome dynamics and diversity of Shigella species, the etiologic agents of bacillary dysentery." [uniprot.org]

BACKGROUND: Shigella is the etiological agent of shigellosis, a disease responsible for more than 500,000 deaths of children per year, in developing countries. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

However, he earned a place in the milestones of microbiology by his creative thinking and contributions to research in the etiology, pathogenesis, and immunization of enteric diseases. [cid.oxfordjournals.org]

Weekly Epidemiological Record = Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire, 48 (‎25)‎, 254 - 255. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/219422 Журнал Weekly Epidemiological Record = Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire, 48 (‎25)‎: 254 - 255 [apps.who.int]

Publication type, MeSH terms Publication type Historical Article MeSH terms Drug Resistance, Bacterial Dysentery, Bacillary/epidemiology* Dysentery, Bacillary/history Dysentery, Bacillary/microbiology* Evolution, Molecular* Genome, Bacterial Global Health [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Sites Disease occurs primarily in the left colon and involvement of the terminal ileum is common Disease may occur in other parts of the large bowel Very rarely, fulminant disease occurs because of massive small intestinal invasion (Ikari syndrome) Pathophysiology [pathologyoutlines.com]

References Pathophysiology of gastrointestinal infections: the role of bismuth subsalicylate. Scottsdale, Arizona, 11-14 February 1988. Proceedings. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12 Suppl 1:S1-119. Steffen R. [cdc.gov]

Amongst milk compounds, glycosylated proteins prevent the adhesion of many enteropathogens in vitro. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Proper food handling is also an important method of prevention, as well as maintaining clean water supplies, which is highly effective. [web.uconn.edu]