The natural history of endometriosis is uncertain, its etiology unknown, the clinical presentation inconsistent, diagnosis difficult and the treatment poorly standardized. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Appropriate treatment kills the bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tract and shortens the course of the illness. [textbookofbacteriology.net]

This kind of dysentery is not unique to shigellosis, however, making the diagnosis on clinical presentation very difficult in the absence of laboratory or epidemiologic findings. [infectionlandscapes.org]

Fever is present in about half the patients and a mild headache may be present. Diarrhoea persists as the prominent symptom for 3 or 4 days. Salmonellosis may be complicated by reactive arthritis and Reiter’s syndrome. [virology-online.com]

• Fever

  Tick-borne Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia conorii Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia japonica Japanese spotted fever Rickettsia sibirica North Asian tick typhus Rickettsia australis Queensland tick typhus Rickettsia honei Flinders [en.wikipedia.org]

  Enteric fever Enteric fever is caused by S. typhi. The bacilli enters the body via the Peyer’s patches and causes septicaemia. The first 7 to 10 days of the infection is usually asymptomatic. A high fever then develops with splenomegaly. [virology-online.com]

  Mild infections cause low-grade fever (about 100.4 to 102 F [38 to 38.9 C]) and watery diarrhea 1 to 4 days after people ingest the bacteria. Some adults do not have a fever. [merckmanuals.com]

  Some children who run high fevers with a shigella infection have seizures. It's not known whether the convulsions are a result of the fever or the shigella infection itself. If your child has a seizure, contact your doctor immediately. [mayoclinic.org]

  Increased catabolism secondary to fever, stool protein loss, decreased intake owing to anorexia, and malabsorption can exacerbate preexisting malnutrition. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Mucosal Edema

  Gross pathology consists of mucosal edema, erythema, friability, superficial ulceration, and focal mucosal hemorrhage involving the rectosigmoid junction primarily. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  […] involves inflammation, haemorrhage, tissue destruction and fibrotic adhesions of the pelvic peritoneum resulting in abdominal pain and infertility. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Symptoms S. sonnei: Most common symptoms are diarrhoea (which is sometimes bloody), abdominal pain and cramps, and fever. Nausea and/or vomiting, loss of appetite, headache or malaise can also occur. [ecdc.europa.eu]

  Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea and a fever are the main symptoms similar to other forms of gastroenteritis and enteritis. [healthhype.com]

  The onset is acute, with fever, fatigue, abdominal pain and watery diarrhoea. As the disease increases in intensity, bloody diarrhoea with mucous, faecal urgency and severe cramping abdominal pain occur. [healthengine.com.au]

• Nausea

  If you have diarrhea and cannot drink fluids by mouth because of severe nausea, you may need medical care and intravenous (IV) fluids. This is more common in small children who have shigellosis. [medlineplus.gov]

  —A 23-year-old laboratory technician was admitted to the hospital on Aug. 10 with a history of fever, chills, headache, abdominal cramping, nausea, and diarrhea for four hours [jamanetwork.com]

  If you have extreme nausea and vomiting, you may need intravenous fluids and medication. Most people have no lasting ill effects from shigellosis. [healthline.com]

• Abdominal Cramps

  You should not delay getting medical treatment if you notice diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and high fever in yourself or your child. The diarrhea can be bloody or watery. The disease spreads quickly. [ectorcountyisd.org]

  —A 23-year-old laboratory technician was admitted to the hospital on Aug. 10 with a history of fever, chills, headache, abdominal cramping, nausea, and diarrhea for four hours [jamanetwork.com]

  Chapter 5 Symptoms of Shigella Infection Symptoms of Shigella infection include painful abdominal cramps, diarrhea and fever. [about-shigella.com]

  History : Shigellosis starts suddenly with symptoms including painful abdominal cramps, frequent, urgent episodes of watery diarrhea, fever, chills, headache, loss of appetite (anorexia), and malaise (a vague feeling of discomfort or illness). [nmihi.com]

• Tenesmus

  Symptoms include fever, nausea, vomiting, tenesmus, and diarrhea that is usually bloody. Diagnosis is clinical and confirmed by stool culture. [msdmanuals.com]

  […] exposure, usually within 1 to 3 days. [1, 16] Diarrhea may range from mild to severe, and it usually contains mucus. [16] When more severe, the diarrhea is bloody 25% to 50% of the time. [1, 16, 22] Rectal spasms, which are technically referred to as “tenesmus [about-shigella.com]

  Signs and Symptoms A Shigella infection can cause mild watery or loose stools with no other symptoms, or it can be more serious, with fever, abdominal cramps or tenderness, crampy rectal pain (tenesmus), and mucous-filled and sometimes bloody stools. [healthychildren.org]

  Rectal prolapse and consequent fecal incontinence may result from severe tenesmus. However, adults may present without fever, with nonbloody and nonmucoid diarrhea, and with little or no tenesmus. [merckmanuals.com]

• Rectal Pain

  Signs and Symptoms A Shigella infection can cause mild watery or loose stools with no other symptoms, or it can be more serious, with fever, abdominal cramps or tenderness, crampy rectal pain (tenesmus), and mucous-filled and sometimes bloody stools. [healthychildren.org]

  Symptoms include: Acute (sudden) abdominal pain or cramping Acute fever Blood, mucus, or pus in the stool Crampy rectal pain Nausea and vomiting Watery diarrhea If you have symptoms of shigellosis, your health care provider will check for: Dehydration [medlineplus.gov]

  The most serious form of the disease is called dysentery, which is characterized by severe watery (and often blood- and mucous-streaked) diarrhea, abdominal cramping, rectal pain, and fever. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Apart from diarrhoea, symptoms of Shigella infection include fever, abdominal cramps, and rectal pain. Most patients recover without complications within seven days. [phagetherapycenter.com]

• Enthesopathy

  RESULTS: Of the patients, 14/211 (7%) had ReA, and a further 4/211 (2%) other reactive musculoskeletal symptoms (tendonitis, enthesopathy, or bursitis). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In addition to ReA, four patients had reactive tendonitis or enthesopathy or bursitis (ReTEB). [ard.bmj.com]

• Hirsutism

  Increased hirsutism prompted a change to tacrolimus therapy. During 11 months the mean tacrolimus level was 8.2 ng/mL. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pelvic Pain

  It causes significant morbidity due to pelvic pain and infertility among 15-25% of women during their reproductive age. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Dizziness

  Also call the doctor if your child has diarrhea and shows signs of dehydration, such as: a dry or sticky mouth peeing less than usual no tears when crying dizziness or drowsiness Date reviewed: February 2019 [kidshealth.org]

  Symptoms include lightheadedness, dizziness, lack of tears in children, sunken eyes and dry diapers. Severe dehydration can lead to shock and death. Seizures. Some children who run high fevers with a shigella infection have seizures. [mayoclinic.org]

  You could be lightheaded, dizzy, lack tears, and sunken eyes. Watch for dry diapers in children. Post- infectious arthritis. This is joint pain (in ankles, knees, feet, hips). You could also get eye irritations and painful urination. [webmd.com]

• Excitement

  In these protocols, artefacts linked to a prolonged exposure and photodamage associated with the excitation of Ca 2 fluorescent probes are troubleshot by stringently controlling the acquisition parameters over defined time periods during a Shigella invasion [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Blood, stool and urine specimens were collected for both bacteriological culture and parasitic workup. Concurrent infections with both Shigella sonnei and Vibrio cholerae were determined to be the cause of the infectious diarrhea. [clsjournal.ascls.org]

Shigella Infection Workup. Jun 25, 2012. Created by Jake Morgan, Michael McCoy and Kyle Trinidad, students of Tyrrell Conway at the University of Oklahoma. [microbewiki.kenyon.edu]

• Hyponatremia

  In one study, hyponatremia, defined as serum sodium levels below 120 meq/L, was noted in 29% of patients hospitalized with diarrhea due to type 1 S dysenteriae. [26] However, the hyponatremia is generally caused by the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic [emedicine.medscape.com]

FINDINGS: 3649 papers were identified and 60 studies were included for analyses: 13 for mortality, 27 for diagnostic value, and 20 for treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment The first aim of treatment is to keep up nutrition and avoid dehydration. Ideally, a physician should be consulted before starting any treatment. Antibiotics may not be necessary, except for the more severe infections. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

People with mild illness usually get better on their own, with no specific treatment. [sfcdcp.org]

Prognosis of shigellosis The disease is self-limiting, usually resolving within 5 to 7 days without antibiotics. In severe cases, the infection may last 3 to 6 weeks. [healthengine.com.au]

What Is the Prognosis? In most cases, Shigella infections run their course in 2 to 3 days. [healthychildren.org]

Prognosis Many patients with mild infections need no specific treatment and recover completely. In those with severe infections, antibiotics will decrease the length of symptoms and the number of days bacteria appear in the feces. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

The prognosis for shigellosis is generally good and most people recover even without medications within five to seven days. What is shigellosis? Shigellosis is a diarrheal disease caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. [medicinenet.com]

Mechanical, hormonal, immunological, environmental and genetic factors have been implicated in its etiology but provide inconclusive explanations. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Cohen Abstract Author Information Authors Article Metrics Metrics Shigella spp. are important etiologic agents of diarrhea worldwide. [journals.lww.com]

This review summarizes the recent findings on the epidemiology, diagnosis, virulence genes, and pathobiology of Shigella infection. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The Epidemiology and the Landscape. Both sporadic and epidemic occurrence of shigellosis is common. [infectionlandscapes.org]

The improved understanding of the pathophysiology is hoped to lead to innovative therapeutic approaches against shigellosis and new generations of vaccine candidates. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

References Pathophysiology of gastrointestinal infections: the role of bismuth subsalicylate. Scottsdale, Arizona, 11-14 February 1988. Proceedings. Rev Infect Dis. 1990;12 Suppl 1:S1-119. Steffen R. [cdc.gov]

Shigellosis Pathophysiology The Shigella bacteria primarily infect the epithelial cells lining intestine. It enters the gut through the mouth when consuming contaminated food and water. [healthhype.com]

The best approach for shigellosis is prevention and a few simple measures can effectively prevent the infection altogether. Supportive Treatment Proper hydration requires the use of oral rehydration solutions (ORS). [healthhype.com]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Kenya Medical Research Institute Research Station, Kisumu, Kenya; Centre for Nutrition and Food Security, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh [email protected] [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]