Steroid atrophy was first described by Epstein et al. in 1963 [1] and is known to occur following the use of topical as well as systemic corticosteroids [2]. Risk factors for the condition include the strength of the steroid formulation prescribed, duration and the frequency of use [2] [3]. Skin areas with a less depth of the dermal layer e.g. on the face and other areas e.g. groin, axilla, and vulva are more susceptible [4] [5] [6] while the palmar and plantar surfaces are less prone [7] to steroid atrophy.

Three stages in steroid atrophy have been reported: the first stage of pre-atrophy, followed by atrophy and the terminal stage of tachyphylaxis [8]. Patients present initially with a burning sensation in the area where the topical steroid is being applied. Continued use of the medication leads to vasoconstriction with a resolution of symptoms [8]. Atrophic thinning of the skin with telangiectasia is more common on the face while striae are more frequently seen in the axilla, groin, and vulva. The disorder is characterized by a transparent, fragile appearance of the skin, dryness, laxity with telangiectasia [9] [10] and an increased tendency for bruising, which has been described as steroid purpura [11].

The condition may improve if the medication is discontinued as soon as the patient presents with symptoms. Otherwise, long-term steroid use leads to irreversible striae and more prominent telangiectasias. Dermatological features of steroid atrophy resemble those of the skin in the elderly. However, steroid atrophy is usually not associated with malignant change while striae are not observed in aging skin.

• Cushingoid

  […] steroids at other locations which may be seen in the orbital area.24,25 Complications included generalized pallor upon injection, localized hypertrichosis, reversible subcutaneous atrophy, ecchymosis, cessation of growth, increase of body hair, and cushingoid [healio.com]

• Sneezing

  Generally, nasal obstruction is more likely to improve than rhinorrhea or sneezing. It is of interest that most of these randomized trials of depot steroids were undertaken in Denmark. [waojournal.biomedcentral.com]

• Musculoskeletal Pain

  CRPS, known formerly as reflex sympathetic dystrophy or RSD, causalgia, or reflex neurovascular dystrophy, is a severe, progressive musculoskeletal pain syndrome characterized by pain which is disproportionate to the severity of the inciting event, edema [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Dermal Thinning

  In this case, dermal thinning of the scalp and face may have previously occurred secondary to chronic photodamage. Skin thinning of atrophy and telangectasia are often present on the face. [medscape.com]

  Purpura and dermal thinning associated with high dose inhaled corticosteroids. BMJ 1990;300(6739):1548-1551. Lipworth BJ. Systemic adverse effects of inhaled corticosteroid therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. [medsafe.govt.nz]

• Subcutaneous Fat Atrophy

  Other names given to this finding are linear subcutaneous fat atrophy, perilymphatic atrophy, and linear atrophy of the skin following corticosteroid injections. [healio.com]

• Disfiguring Scar

  Here, we present the case of a young woman who developed disfiguring scarring after a depot steroid injection. This case highlights the risks of this form of treatment for allergic rhinitis. [waojournal.biomedcentral.com]

The diagnosis of steroid atrophy is based on the typical clinical appearance of the skin: increased skin transparency, consistency resembling that of a cigarette paper, and increased fragility with a tendency to bruise easily [2]. History will reveal either a short or long-term use of steroids, with symptoms related to the area in which the medication was applied.

As the condition in chronic stage is irreversible and as there is a potential for complications following an invasive procedure, surgical skin biopsies are not routinely performed. But if they are performed then, the following features are noted on histology: flattening of the epidermal-dermal areas [11], diminished epidermal width [10], reduced keratinocyte size [12], decreased number of fibroblasts [12] [13] and narrowing of the lipid lamella of the stratum corneum [14].

Several non-invasive techniques and assays to diagnose the condition have been devised both for clinical and experimental use. Evaporimeter assesses water loss from the transepidermal layer while the loss of cholesterol and fatty acids can be detected with stratum corneum lipid measurement [12]. Skin thinning can be measured using a screw gauge, laser microscope and ultrasound [12] [15]. However, these tests are cumbersome and patients have to use the medication for up to six weeks before results can be obtained [16].

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