They have been present in Europe since 2007 but are now becoming a burgeoning presence in American hospitals. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

TABLE B Users of amphetamines by age (Percentages) 1954 1955 1956 Age Past users Present users Past users Present users Past users Present users Under 15 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 15-16 2.5 1.9 1.4 1.6 0.9 0.4 17 4.4 4.4 2.8 1.8 1.3 2.4 18 6.5 5.7 6.2 4.1 [unodc.org]

• Anemia

  Severe forms of amphetamine addiction may lead to significant weight loss, anemia, and poor health due to a lack of personal hygiene. In some cases, skin-picking can develop. This leads to severe infections. [mentalhelp.net]

  […] energy / hyperactive behaviors Participating in high-risk behaviors Engaging in violent activities Lying Stealing Seeming as though one is constantly in motion Physical symptoms: Changes in eating patterns (typically eating less) Extreme weight loss Anemia [galaxrecovery.com]

  Blackburn, “The Effect of Benzedrine on Intelligence Scores,” Lancet, 1936, 2, 1385–87; Ivor Davies, “Benzedrine Sulfate: A Review of Its Toxic Effects, With a Report of Severe Case of Anemia Following Its Use,” Brit. Med. J ., 1937, 2, 615–17; M. [doi.org]

• Constipation

  Opioids reduce the perception of pain but can also produce drowsiness, mental confusion, euphoria, nausea, constipation, and—depending upon the amount of drug taken—can depress respiration. Opioid misuse represents a unique challenge. [samhsa.gov]

  The drug also appears to be safe, although some participants in the trial developed minor side effects such as constipation and nausea. [newscientist.com]

  An unnaturally slow digestive system can lead to chronic constipation and colon cancer, while an impaired respiratory system leaves individuals at a higher risk for respiratory infections. [sunrisehouse.com]

  […] appetite Manic behavior Mood swings Panic attacks Paranoia Restlessness Tachycardia (a rapid heart rate) Tremors or body shakes Weight loss In addition, a dry mouth, unpleasant taste in the mouth, or gastrointestinal disturbances ( nausea, diarrhea, or constipation [drugs.com]

• Polydipsia

  Studies on schedule-induced polydipsia, Psychopharmacology, 10.1007/s00213-017-4819-y, 235, 2, (419-432), (2018). Sumit Sarkar, Syed Z. Imam and Jennifer L. [doi.org]

• Jaundice

  […] rashes Impotence, withered testicles In females, development of irreversible masculine traits Withdrawal Syndrome Significant weight loss Depression Behavioral changes Trembling Indications of Possible Misuse Increased combativeness and aggressiveness Jaundice [web.archive.org]

  Individuals show symptoms and signs of hepatic decompensation such as ascites, ankle oedema, jaundice, bruising, gastrointestinal haemorrhage from oesophageal varices, and confusion or stupor due to hepatic encephalopathy. [who.int]

• Hypertension

  Hypertension 2004 ; 43 : 932 – 5. 4. Impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western populations. Eur J Public Health 2004 ; 14 : 235 – 9. 5. [doi.org]

  Since estradiol has two main receptors (ERα and ERβ) we will discuss their relative implications, and present new data showing a key role for ERα to prevent the hypertension induced by intermittent hypoxia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  May cause hypertension. • Psychiatric disorders: Long-term use may cause anxiety and symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia. [web.archive.org]

• Tachycardia

  Stimulant medication may mimic the tachycardia of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Tachycardia, blood clots, heart attacks, strokes, and kidney damage are just some of the possible risks of taking it. [addictionresource.net]

  He was tremulous, agitated, and pale, with sinus tachycardia ranging from 140 to 160 bpm and normal blood pressure (BP). [lifeinthefastlane.com]

• Orthostatic Hypotension

  hypotension, anesthesia-induced hypotension Use: Unlabeled/Investigational Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) Pregnancy Risk Factor C Lactation Enters breast milk/not recommended Contraindications Hypersensitivity to ephedrine or any component [web.archive.org]

• Irregular Heart Rhythm

  They should not be combined with antidepressants or over-the-counter decongestants, as this combination can lead to severely high blood pressure or irregular heart rhythms. [talbottcampus.com]

• Muscle Cramp

  Some of the common signs that indicate that someone may have overdosed on stimulants include: Fast breathing and heartbeat Very large pupils Chest pain Muscle cramping Seizures or shaking High fever Dizziness Unconsciousness Convulsions Seizures Cardiovascular [harboroaks.com]

  cramping After Ecstasy’s immediate effects have worn off, some people, especially heavy users, complain of: Anxiety Restlessness Irritability Sadness Lack of appetite Less interest in or pleasure from sex Problems sleeping Aggressive behavior Difficulty [narconon.org]

  Opioid withdrawal is accompanied by rhinorrhoea (running nose), lacrimation (excessive tear formation), aching muscles, chills, gooseflesh, and, after 24-48 hours, muscle and abdominal cramps. [who.int]

• Myalgia

  Muscle necrosis may occur after any route of drug administration, and the presence of rhabdomyolysis should be considered in stimulant-intoxicated clients, particularly those complaining of myalgia or muscle tenderness. [web.archive.org]

• Flushing

  Physical side effects include dizziness, tremor, headache, flushed skin, chest pains with palpitations, excessive sweating, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. [pamf.org]

  Physical Signs of Stimulant Abuse Include: Increased alertness Weight loss Panic attacks Compulsive behavior Dizziness Flushed skin Excessive sweating Restlessness Inhibitory control Vomiting Aggression Chronic sleep problems Loss of coordination Loss [recoveryconnection.com]

  The following signs and symptoms have been associated with stimulant overdose: Flushing of the skin Excessive sweating Irregular breathing Cramping Feelings of panic Heart palpitations Hypertension Vomiting Chest pain Cardiac arrest Seizures Stroke [whitedeerrun.com]

  Dry mouth Rapid breathing Headache Increased talkativeness Nausea Palpitations Tremors High body temperature Paranoia Cardiovascular system failure Ulcers Difficulty breathing Dizziness Flush or pale skin Unusual tiredness or weakness Pounding heartbeat [drugrehab.com]

  Extremely high doses can cause users to flush or become pale, have irregular heartbeat, tremors, loss of coordination, and even physical collapse. [addictionrecov.org]

• Increased Sweating

  Report excessive nervousness or excitation, inability to sleep, facial flushing, pounding heartbeat, muscle tremors or weakness, chest pain or palpitations, bronchial irritation or coughing, or increased sweating. [web.archive.org]

• Blurred Vision

  Often times you may experience insomnia, dizziness and blurred vision. However, amphetamines are considered a “controlled substance” due to the extremely high chances of one being addicted or dependent upon the drug. [treatment4addiction.com]

  Other side effects include anxiety, blurred vision, sleeplessness, and dizziness. Abuse of amphetamines can cause irregular heartbeat and even physical collapse. [well.com]

  […] pep pills, copilots, bumble bees, Benzedrine, Dexedrine, footballs, biphetamine Orally, injected, snorted, or smoked Addiction, Irritability, Anxiety, Increased blood pressure, Paranoia/psychosis, Depression, Aggression, Convulsions, Dilated pupils & blurred [web.archive.org]

  In addition the user, may experience dry mouth, sweating, headache, blurred vision, dizziness, sleeplessness, and anxiety. [addictionrecov.org]

• Diplopia

  We are reporting 2 cases of definite brainstem dysfunction and 5 cases of transient diplopia secondary to IV abuse of Benzedrex®. [doi.org]

  Injection of the drug has been found to cause transient diplopia and brain stem dysfunction.[116][117][118] Pseudoephedrine[edit] Pseudoephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Signs of intoxication include belligerence, assaultiveness, lethargy, psychomotor impairment, euphoria, impaired judgement, dizziness, nystagmus, blurred vision or diplopia, slurred speech, tremors, unsteady gait, hyperreflexia, muscle weakness, stupor [who.int]

• Euphoria

  Through their actions on powerful endogenous reward centers, central stimulants produce intense euphoria that reinforces subsequent usage and eventual dependence. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  They cause extreme levels of energy, mind racing, heart racing, elevated mood and a sense of euphoria. Side effects include loss of appetite, insomnia, and weight loss. [treatment4addiction.com]

  Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Street Names: Ecstasy, Molly, E, X, XTC, ADAM, Rolls, Pills, Love Drug, Go Methods of Use: taken orally in tablet form Short-term Effects: euphoria, muscle tension, nausea, heat exhaustion, fainting, chills, sweating [stimulants.com]

  Substances of Abuse - Brief Profiles Crack Also known as: Crack, "Crack cocaine", Freebase rocks, Rock You probably know why crack is abused - Quick high Power Euphoria But did you know that - Crack is almost instantly addictive. [web.archive.org]

• Hyperactivity

  Teenage status of hyperactive and non-hyperactive learning disabled boys. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1977; 47: 577–96 PubMed CrossRef Google Scholar 47. Riddle KD, Rapoport JL. A 2-year follow-up of 72 hyperactive boys. [doi.org]

  Adult ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) About 2%-6% of adults have ADHD, a common behavioral problem. Symptoms include impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention.... [medicinenet.com]

  Abstract Amphetamine or methylphenidate are first-line options for treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Seizure

  First responders and emergency room doctors try to treat the overdose with the intent of restoring blood flow to the heart and stopping the seizure with care or with medications if necessary. [drugabuse.gov]

  Reduction in seizure threshold is a theoretical pharmacologic effect of stimulants. Stimulants should be used with caution in children with known seizure disorders. [utmb.edu]

  There is also the potential for cardiovascular failure (heart attack) or deadly seizures. [drugfree.org]

  Taking high dosages of stimulants can result in convulsions, seizures, and possibly even death. Long-Term Health Effects of Stimulants With prolonged stimulant use, your tolerance to the drug builds up. [mazzittiandsullivan.com]

  Short-term Effects: a short high that lasts about 5 to 10 minutes, increased breathing, “intense euphoria,” cravings, depression, decreased appetite, aggression, paranoia, addiction ( CESAR ) Long-term Effects: addiction, delirium, psychosis, brain seizures [stimulants.com]

• Insomnia

  Side effects include loss of appetite, insomnia, and weight loss. While under the influence of these controlled substances you may become overly sexually active and often times have unprotected sex. [treatment4addiction.com]

  Consult your doctor before taking any herbal supplements to treat insomnia. [medicinenet.com]

  […] powder into the nasal passages”), intravenous injection, ingested orally, rubbed on the gums, sprinkled on cigarettes or marijuana joints Short-term Effects: a short high that lasts about 15 to 30 minutes, euphoria, anxiety, paranoia, restlessness, insomnia [stimulants.com]

  Ice causes a very jittery high, along with anxiety, insomnia, sometimes paranoia. [web.archive.org]

  Once addicted, going without the drug can bring on withdrawal symptoms such as depression, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia and intense drug cravings. [elementsbehavioralhealth.com]

• Tremor

  Arm-drop of arm position was indicated by the arm longitudinal rotation axis (ALoRA), and tremor was indicated by the overall vector of dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Users may experience tremors, vertigo, muscle twitches, paranoia, or with repeated doses a toxic reaction closely resembling amphetamine poisoning. Some users report feeling restlessness, irritability, and anxiety. [yessafechoices.org]

  Ice can cause convulsions, heart irregularities, high blood pressure, depression, restlessness, tremors, severe fatigue. An overdose can cause coma and death When you stop using ice you may experience a deep depression. [web.archive.org]

  Abdominal cramps Psychological Signs of Stimulant Abuse Include: Poor judgment Visual and auditory hallucinations Loss of coordination Loss of verbal memory Tremors Suspiciousness Grandiosity Delusions Depression Stimulant psychosis Chronic stimulant [recoveryconnection.com]

• Agitation

  Psychological symptoms of overamping, or “mental distress” could include: Extreme Anxiety Panic Extreme Paranoia Hallucinations Extreme Agitation Increased Aggressiveness Agitation, restlessness, irritability Hypervigilance (being super aware of your [harmreduction.org]

  Still higher doses or chronic use can cause agitation, tremor, confusion, and, in the most serious cases, a state resembling paranoid schizophrenia. [britannica.com]

  Withdrawal Withdrawal symptoms include agitation, abdominal cramps, nausea, severe emotional depression, exhaustion, insomnia, and anxiety. [shcs.ucdavis.edu]

  Stimulant Withdrawal When a person first stops using stimulants, they may feel sad, agitated, and have intense cravings. [bluffsrehab.com]

  The serious difficulties encountered in using haloperidol for sedative-hypnotic withdrawal in humans when agitation and hyperthermia are present may also apply to its use for acutely agitated or psychotic stimulant users who already have deficits in thermoregulatory [web.archive.org]

[…] of treatment condition. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Multimodal treatment plus stimulants vs stimulant treatment in ADHD children: results from a two-year comparative treatment study. [doi.org]

Stimulant Addiction Treatment and Prognosis Medically monitored detoxification (detox) is the initial step in successful treatment of stimulant use disorder. [altamirarecovery.com]

Merkel F, Pullig O, Marx M, Netzer KO, Weber M: Course and prognosis of anti-basement membrane antibody (anti-GBM-ab)-mediated disease: Report of 35 cases. Nephrol Dial Transpl 1994;9:372–376. [doi.org]

The prognosis for substance use disorders is worsened by the presence of other untreated psychiatric disorders (or substance use disorders). [web.archive.org]

Amphetamine is indicated for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) as well as for the treatment of central nervous system disorders such as narcolepsy. 1 ADHD is a complex disorder associated with the substantial heterogeneity in etiology [drugbank.ca]

Non-ethanol components of alcoholic beverages may be involved in the etiology. [who.int]

Jerome, Gordon, and Hustler (1994) evaluated Canadian and U.S. teachers' knowledge of concepts related to ADHD and found that although teachers had little training regarding ADHD, they did well on knowledge-based questions regarding etiology and educational [ldonline.org]

Examination of a drug's abuse potential at multiple levels of analysis (molecular/cellular action, whole-organism behavior, epidemiological data) is an essential component to regulating controlled substances under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Several epidemiological studies on this issue have been published since then, warranting an update of the insights on this topic. [doi.org]

M 115 Methamphetamine Abuse: Epidemiologic Issues and Implications. NIDA Research Monograph 115. 130 pp. M 94 Pharmacology and Toxicology of Amphetamine-Related Designer Drugs. NIDA Research Monograph 94. 365 pp. [well.com]

Cocaine: pathophysiology and clinical toxicology. Heart Lung. 1997 Nov–Dec;26(6):466–483. quiz 484-465. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 77. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Guterman LR, Hopkins LN. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. [doi.org]

Many responding physicians do not regularly implement practices that may prevent stimulant misuse, and the majority thinks most prevention practices are not very effective. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Conclusions: Doping with CNS stimulants is a real public health problem and all sports authorities should participate in its prevention. Dissemination of information is essential to prevent doping in sport and to provide alternatives. [doi.org]