Stomatitis is characterized by the open sore in or around the mouth. It usually presents with pain and discomfort. Other associated signs and symptoms are [7]:

• Bad breath
• Burning or tingling in the mouth
• Dysphagia
• Drooling
• Fever, sometimes as high as 38.3 to 40°C (101 to 104°F)
• Pain in and around the affected area
• Restlessness or irritability
• Swollen gums

• Dentist

  Talk to your dentist or doctor about your health conditions at the beginning of your consultation (before you start taking any medication). For more information about stomatitis, you can ask your dentist or physician. [covingtonsmiles.com]

  General dentist has an important role in finding and diagnosing patients with systemic diseases, especially salivary tumors. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  If the denture doesn't fit well, you should go to a dentist for adjustment or replacement. [toothclub.gov.hk]

  The dentist will examine the mouth and dentures and give advice on whether the denture needs adjustment or replacement. [grantsdentalpractice.com]

  Patients with oral ulcers typically present to a general dentist. [medscape.com]

• Candidiasis

  The objective of this paper is present a treatment protocol for chronic atrophic candidiasis (denture stomatitis). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The keywords selected were “oral candidiasis, chronic atrophic candidiasis, denture stomatitis, prosthesis, topic and systemic antifungal treatment”. [aclr.com.es]

  Denture-related stomatitis is the most common form of oral candidiasis (a yeast infection of the mouth). [en.wikipedia.org]

  Denture Sore Mouth (Denture-Related Stomatitis) Denture sore mouth is also known as sore mouth under plates, chronic denture palatitis, stomatitis prosthetica, denture-related candidiasis, denture- induced stomatitis and denture stomatitis. [exodontia.info]

• Malnutrition

  It was concluded that the patient's clinical condition reflected necrotizing stomatitis on a background of malnutrition with scorbutic skin lesions and hypothyroidism. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Nutritional deficiency • Malnutrition (improper dietary intake) or malabsorption (poor absorption of nutrients into the body) can lead to nutritional deficiency states, several of which can lead to stomatitis. [slideshare.net]

  Etiology There is no identifiable cause, but are likely multifactorial May be associated with systemic or dermatological disorders, malnutrition, infections, or drugs; (e.g., Behcet disease;, HIV;, vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, iron deficiency [amboss.com]

• Unconsciousness

  Dentures should be removed from unconscious or stuporous patient. [tabers.com]

  – Gandusha is contraindicated in unconscious, poisoned, weak, krisha person, patient suffering from bleeding disorders and conjunctivitis. – Patient having chronic or carcinogenic ulcers in oral cavity. – Mukhapaka due to any other disorders e.g. [cureveda.com]

  Exclusion Criteria :- As per Bhavaprakasha Purvakhanda, patient contraindicated for Gandusha excluded – Ø Gandusha is contraindicated in unconscious, poisoned, weak, krisha person, patient suffering from bleeding disorders and conjunctivitis. [ayurvedatreatments.co.in]

• Common Cold

  This virus is slightly different from that of a common cold sore. [topdentists.com]

  Usually, people believe oral ulceration to be due to uprising of fire and thirst and preference for cold drinks which are common symptoms. But in our investigation, among RAS students, some students were absent of thirst. [hindawi.com]

  Diseases, such as herpetic infections (the common cold sore), gonorrhea, measles, leukemia, AIDS, and lack of vitamin C can present with oral signs. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Diarrhea

  ‘Adjuvant chemotherapy may produce diarrhea, mucositis or stomatitis, myelosuppression, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, hair thinning, taste changes and skin and nail changes.’ [en.oxforddictionaries.com]

  Página 218 - Diarrhea and Enteric Lesions in Calves by the Oral Inoculation of Pure Cultures of Clostridium sordelli" Veterinary Record, 112:141146, 1983. ‎ [books.google.es]

  Food poisoning typically causes nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and a fever. If you lose too many fluids, you may also become dehydrated. Pneumonia symptoms include a high fever, chills, and cough that doesn't get better. [medlineplus.gov]

  […] sores for the first time Your sores are larger than 1centimeter (almost one-half inch) across You get more sores now than you used to You get sores more often than you used to You have other symptoms with your sores, such as: Rashes Joint pain Fever Diarrhea [colgate.com]

• Loss of Appetite

  Prolonged or painful stomatitis may contribute to dehydration or may cause loss of appetite with denutrition, particularly in children. In infants, examine routinely the mouth in the event of breast refusal or difficulties in sucking. [medicalguidelines.msf.org]

  Also there are other kinds of symptoms of a stomatitis such as loss of appetite, foul breath, slight fever, vomiting after meals and constipation. [homenaturalcures.com]

• Aphthous Stomatitis

  Ekinci A...Ekinci H 31249217 2020 13 Probiotics for recurrent idiopathic aphthous stomatitis in adults: a placebo-controlled randomized trial. 61 Dugourd PM...Passeron T 31954066 2020 14 LncRNA CASC 2 is upregulated in aphthous stomatitis and predicts [malacards.org]

  Your opinion or preference The goal of treatment for aphthous stomatitis is to help decrease the severity of the symptoms. [chop.edu]

  Aphthous stomatitis Other names Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, recurring oral aphthae, recurrent aphthous ulceration Canker sore on the lower lip Specialty Oral medicine, dermatology Frequency ~20% of people to some degree[1] Aphthous stomatitis is a [en.wikipedia.org]

  Keywords: Azithromycin, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions, Stomatitis, Aphthous. [eurekaselect.com]

  SUMMARY: If you've had sores on the insides of your cheeks or lips, on your gums or under your tongue, you may have suffered from aphthous stomatitis, also known as canker sores. [therabreath.com]

• Oral Ulcers

  Severe necrotic oral ulcerative lesions were accompanied by cutaneous purpura, blood-filled blisters and bedsores. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Among these non-RAS participants, 465 students suffered from oral ulceration but could not be diagnosed as RAS and 249 healthy ones did not have oral ulceration. [hindawi.com]

  Conclusion: Although BD is usually considered as the initial diagnosis in cases of recurrent oral ulcerations starting at young ages and in presence of multiple oral ulcerations, and RAS is the more probable diagnosis in patients with ulcerations on the [go.gale.com]

  ulceration.[8] Many of the systemic diseases cause other symptoms apart from oral ulceration, which is in contrast to aphthous stomatitis where there is isolated oral ulceration. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Ulcer, Aphthous, Ulcer, aphthous oral, Ulceration, aphthous, Ulceration, aphthous recurrent, ULCERS APHTHOUS ORAL, Ulcers, Aphthous [dermis.net]

• Xerostomia

  Xerostomia was significantly more common and severe in patients (46.9%) than in healthy controls, whereas the saliva flow rates did not differ. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Stomatitis can include oral ulceration, xerostomia, altered taste and taste loss, oral sensitivity, and oral pain with or without lesions being clinically present. r Pathophysiology Oral mucositis The mucosal lining of the mouth is a prime target for [eviq.org.au]

  Dry mouth (Xerostomia). Your saliva provides natural protection against infection and lubricates your mouth to stop dentures from traumatizing your gums. Without it you are more prone to getting problems. [jamiethedentist.com]

• Sore Mouth

  Denture Sore Mouth (Denture-Related Stomatitis) Denture sore mouth is also known as sore mouth under plates, chronic denture palatitis, stomatitis prosthetica, denture-related candidiasis, denture- induced stomatitis and denture stomatitis. [exodontia.info]

  Back to full disease list Other Names: Sore Mouth of Cattle and Horses, Indiana Fever Vesicular stomatitis is a zoonotic, viral disease found in livestock. [cfsph.iastate.edu]

  Canker Sores, CANKER SORES ORAL, Oral aphthae, Oral aphthae, NOS, Sore, Canker, Sore, mouth, canker, Sores, Canker, Stomatitides, Aphthous, STOMATITIS APHHNOUS, STOMATITIS APHTHOUS, Stomatitis, Aphthous, ULCER APHTHOUS ORAL, Ulcer, Aphthous, Ulcer, [dermis.net]

  Call your provider if: You have mouth sores and fever or other signs of illness Mouth sores get worse or do not respond to treatment within 3 weeks You develop swelling in the mouth Christian JM, Goddard AC, Gillespie MB. [nlm.nih.gov]

  She complains of a very sore mouth, with white plaques over her palate and tongue; these lesions are quite friable. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Halitosis

  This condition can cause bad breath, and unfortunately for people with stomatitis, trying to treat the halitosis can lead to more halitosis. [therabreath.com]

  The intra-oral clinical examination found halitosis, multiple ulcers, necrotizing stomatitis and osteomyelitis located in the maxillary and mandibular regions. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  SHOWING 1-10 OF 41 REFERENCES Critical Analysis of Role of Kavala and Gandusha in the Management of Halitosis Role of Gandusha in Pittaja Mukhapaka (Aphthous Ulcer) –A Randomized Controlled Trial [semanticscholar.org]

  Clinical Signs Include halitosis, dysphagia, ptyalism, weight loss, cachexia, bilateral erythematous, ulcerative and/or proliferative lesions of the gingiva, submandibular lymphadenopathy and variable amounts of plaque and calculus accumulation. [en.wikivet.net]

• Ulcer

  The disease usually presents in the form of painful oral ulcers and has been seen predominantly among older women. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  0% - 9.92% SU5416 Stomatitis Sativex Stomatitis Mouth ulceration Supremon Mouth ulceration VACV Mouth ulceration: 23% abacavir Mouth ulceration Stomatitis abacavir-lamivudine Mouth ulceration acamprosate Mouth ulceration: rare acitretin Stomatitis: [sideeffects.embl.de]

  […] characterized by erosions and ulcerations which relapse and remit. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Chan, Chronic ulcerative stomatitis: Case series of an under‐recognized entity, Journal of Cutaneous Pathology, 45, 12, (927-932), (2018). [doi.org]

• Erythema

  oedema 2 Symptomatic (mild pain, opioid not required): erythema or limited ulceration, can eat solid foods and take oral medication (Oral mucositis only) 3 Pain requiring opioid analgesic; erythema and ulceration, cannot eat solids, can swallow liquids [oncologypro.esmo.org]

  Erythema and edema are the usual oral manifestations, often with ulcerations. Some will have constitutional symptoms: low-grade fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy, and headache. Pain will vary. [unboundmedicine.com]

• Eruptions

  At the same time, a search was made in the literature of eruptive fevers and allied [jamanetwork.com]

  It rarely causes side-effects like cardiotoxicity or hair loss, but frequently results in many kinds of mucocutaneous reactions, including palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, diffuse follicular rash, intertrigo-like eruption, new formation of melanotic [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] structure and function -- Cutaneous signs and diagnosis -- Dermatoses resulting from physical factors -- Pruritus and neurocutaneous dermatoses -- Atopic dermatitis, eczema, and noninfectious immunodeficiency disorders -- Contact dermatitis and drug eruptions [worldcat.org]

  […] tobacco keratosis Submucous fibrosis Ulceration Riga–Fede disease Verruca vulgaris Verruciform xanthoma White sponge nevus Teeth (pulp, dentin, enamel) Amelogenesis imperfecta Ankylosis Anodontia Caries Early childhood caries Concrescence Failure of eruption [en.wikipedia.org]

  It is characterized by vesicular eruptions on the ORAL MUCOSA in cattle, horses, pigs, and other animals. In humans, vesicular stomatitis causes an acute influenza-like illness. [mesh.kib.ki.se]

• Eczema

  Dermatitides – eczema herpeticum or erythema multiforme which may be debilitating if severe. Herpes infections in immuno-compromised patients can be very serious, and all cases should be discussed with a paediatrician. [pch.health.wa.gov.au]

  Contents: Skin: basic structure and function -- Cutaneous signs and diagnosis -- Dermatoses resulting from physical factors -- Pruritus and neurocutaneous dermatoses -- Atopic dermatitis, eczema, and noninfectious immunodeficiency disorders -- Contact [worldcat.org]

  Flare-up of hand eczema is common in sensitive individuals if they use or consume products containing Balsam of Peru or related allergens. Oral exposure may cause sore mouth (tongue) and rash of the lips or angles of the mouth. [dermnetnz.org]

  Populations at risk for Staphylococcus aureus infection Anyone can develop a staph infection, although certain groups of people are at greater risk, including people with chronic conditions such as diabetes, cancer, vascular disease, eczema, lung disease [cdc.gov]

• Pruritus

  ‘Gingival ulceration in herpetic stomatitis is common and is associated with mouth ulcers elsewhere and fever’ ‘Adverse effects include stomatitis, hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, nausea, abdominal pain, neutropenia, pruritus, fever, pneumonitis and other [en.oxforddictionaries.com]

  Contents: Skin: basic structure and function -- Cutaneous signs and diagnosis -- Dermatoses resulting from physical factors -- Pruritus and neurocutaneous dermatoses -- Atopic dermatitis, eczema, and noninfectious immunodeficiency disorders -- Contact [worldcat.org]

  Also, these studies observed transient elevation of liver serum enzymes, hepatitis, adrenal cortex suppression, pruritus, rash, headache, dizziness, and somnolence [1,27]. [aclr.com.es]

  Allergic contact stomatitis presenting as geographical tongue with pruritus. Contact Dermatitis. 2009 Feb. 60(2):106. [Medline]. [Full Text]. Scott A, Egner W, Gawkrodger DJ, et al. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Irritability

  These products are designed to irritate the mouth as little as possible while cleansing the palate and reducing bad breath. [therabreath.com]

  […] chlorhexidine gluconate Stomatitis Mouth irritation cidofovir Stomatitis Mouth ulceration ciprofloxacin Stomatitis Mouth ulceration: postmarketing cisplatin Stomatitis citalopram Stomatitis: postmarketing, rare, infrequent, uncommon clarithromycin Stomatitis [sideeffects.embl.de]

  Examples include: Irritation from biting your lip or cheek Redness or irritation due to poorly fitting dentures Skin burn from eating or drinking a hot food item Redness and irritation from an autoimmune disease such as Crohn’s disease, lupus or Behcet [topdentists.com]

  Mechanical or chemical irritation, ill-fitting dentures, and dental fillings can induce irritant contact stomatitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Dizziness

  Also, these studies observed transient elevation of liver serum enzymes, hepatitis, adrenal cortex suppression, pruritus, rash, headache, dizziness, and somnolence [1,27]. [aclr.com.es]

  Dizziness, headaches, stomach upset, increased heart rate and nausea. However placebo patients reported similar complaints." [doi.org]

Due to the characteristics of the open sores associated with stomatitis, the disorder can usually be diagnosed clinically [8]. Laboratory tests are usually not needed to confirm a diagnosis, but during a workup cultures or blood tests may be done in order to rule out any other condition and to find the etiologic factors behind the disorder. 

• Candida

  KEYWORDS: Candida albicans; Candida non-albicans; Stomatitis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Keywords: Candida albicans Candida non-albicans Stomatitis Full Text Introduction Approximately 200 Candida species are known, and 10% can cause infections in humans. [elsevier.es]

Each treatment plan is fully dependent on the type of stomatitis the person is suffering from [9]. Generally, the condition will resolve on it own, but lifestyle recommendations for the patient may be useful. For example improved oral hygiene including a professional cleaning. The patient should also be told to stay away from sharp-edged or acidic foods while the sores are present. Switching to a softer tooth brush may also be recommended.

If the stomatitis has been caused by irritation from braces, jagged teeth, ill-fitting orthodontia or from chronic mouth breathing, those specific factors might need to be addressed by the appropriate medical professional. Alcohol and tobacco use should be avoided.For pain relieve, acetaminophen is usually recommended. Depending on the cause, several other medications may be used to treat stomatitis. 

Most stomatitis ulcerations are considered to be benign and will resolve themselves without any medical treatment, but the prognosis for stomatitis can vary depending on the type [6].

Aphthous stomatitis usually lasts for a few days and causes rarely complications. Herpes stomatitis, usually takes around 10 days to clear up without any medical treatment, but an oral acyclovir can speed up the recovery time and help with some of the discomfort. In general, neither form of stomatitis poses a significant health risk to the patient, if the underlying etiology if necessary is treated.

There are various factors responsible for the appearance of stomatitis including irritation from braces, jagged teeth harming the soft tissue, cheek biting, and other similar causes [2]. Herpes stomatitis is a direct result of the herpes simplex virus type 1. Aphthous stomatitis has unclear etiologic factors but theories include a predisposition which is associated to a person’s immune system of triggers such as stress or certain deficiencies like a lack of iron, B12, or folic acid. Other viral infections, notrition, smoking, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, menstruation in women, and food allergies are also thought to be linked to stomatitis [3].

Stomatitis, in general, is reported across the world and has a prevalence rate ranging from around 2 percent to 66 percent. It can occur at any age but there are certain variations of the ailment that appear at different stages of a person’s life [4].

Aphthous stomatitis usually affects children and adults and is seen most often in people between the ages of 10 and 19 years of age. Herpes stomatitis is seen more so in children between the ages of one and two and is considered possible anywhere between the ages of six-months-old and five-years-old.

According to research, children from a higher socioeconomic level are more commonly affected by stomatitis than children living in lower socioeconomic groups.

The pathophysiology of the disorder depends on the underlying etiology. Stomatitis initially usually causes erythema of the mucous membrane of the mouth, further developing into open ulcers and fissures [5]. The condition can occur as a single sore or they can appear in clusters. The lesions on examination usually have a yellow or white color at the center coupled with a fibrous texture. The border of the sores is erythematous.

Stomatitis can be prevented if it occurs due to an outside irritant. Improved oral hygiene, better eating habits, and regular dental check-ups can help prevent stomatitis [10].

In order to prevent aphthous stomatitis, it is recommended to avoid any mouth trauma like biting the cheeks or burning the mouth with hot food or drinks. Herpes stomatitis isn’t considered to be preventable since it is due to the herpes simplex virus which can be transmitted from an infected person even when they show no signs of the disorder.

Stomatitis occurs when the soft tissue lining in the mouth becomes inflamed causing redness, swelling, and often times pain [1]. The may have various etioligies, two common forms are aphthous stomatitis and herpes stomatitis due to the herpes simplex virus. 

Stomatitis can occur at any point in a person’s life but is seen more often in children and adolescents. It is associated with poor oral hygiene, side effects of certain medications, infections, allergic reactions, or it may occur as the result of burns from hot food or liquids.

Stomatitis refers to the open sores that can occur on the soft tissue inside the mouth. They are not considered to be contagious and can usually resolve themselves without medical treatment. There are several forms of the ailment, herpes stomatitis and aphthous stomatitis being common ones. Each form has its own causes and prognoses. Note, stomatitis is different than cold sores.

The sores can be painful or cause discomfort during eating and swallowing, but there are no dangers posed from the ailment. The disorder can affect anyone at any stage in life but is most commonly seen in children and adolescents.

If a patient notices that their sores haven’t resolved themselves after two weeks, medical treatment should be sought.

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