Haverhill fever, named after an outbreak of the disease in Haverhill, Massachusetts in 1926, through contamination of milk, is a bacterial infection caused by streptobacillus moniliformis. This microorganism is more frequently known as the causative agent of rat bite fever, occurring after the bite of a rodent (most commonly a rat) [1] [2] [3] [4]. Due to the similar etiology, Haverhill fever and rat bite fever have the same clinical presentation, although different modes of infection are described [1] [5]. Haverhill fever, considered to be a very rare infection, appears after ingestion of food products (turkey, water, and milk are mentioned) contaminated by rodent feces, with an incubation period of 2-10 days [5] [6] [7]. Fever, headaches, fatigue, myalgia, migratory polyarthralgia (involving the hands, wrists, elbows and knees in most cases), vomiting, weight loss, diarrhea, and chills are clinical hallmarks of this infection [3] [7] [8]. It should be noted that Haverhill fever may be distinguished from rat bite fever by more severe episodes of vomiting and an increased rate of pharyngitis [7]. Numerous complications of infection caused by S. moniliformis have been described in the literature, including meningitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, and development of abscesses in various organs [7]. These complications are perhaps one of the reasons why a mortality rate of 10-13% is observed in the absence of proper antibiotic therapy [7] [8]. For this reason, early recognition is imperative to prevent complications.

• Fever

  Haverhill fever and rat-bite fever are closely-related syndromes caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis. This infection is characterized by the abrupt onset of fever with rigors, myalgias, headache, polyarthritis, and rash. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Haverhill Fever Sentence The symptoms and signs of Haverhill fever differ slightly from those of ratbite fever. [urdu.wordinn.com]

  Haverhill fever的中文翻译及音标 沪江词库精选Haverhill fever是什么意思、英语单词推荐 例句 A fevered imagination 奔放的想象力. His medicines had failed; the fever was unabated 他的药剂未起作用。热度未减。 Be Bitten with;catch the fever for .. [hujiang.com]

  […] translation and definition " Haverhill fever ", English-Polish Dictionary online Haverhill fever Type: noun; gorączka Haverhill { noun } the form of ratbite fever occurring in the United States jedna z odmian gorączki szczurzej, wywoływana przez zakażenie [glosbe.com]

  Haverhill fever is a term used to describe an infection by streptobacillus moniliformis, the causative agent of rat bite fever. [symptoma.com]

• Chills

  […] ague noun 1 ague 2 ague Successive stages of chills and fever that is a symptom of malaria. synonym: chills and fever. Polish: febra 3 ague A mark placed above a vowel to indicate pronunciation. synonyms: acute, acute accent. [ensyns.com]

  He stayed home for two days and then returned to work in spite of weakness, chills, rises of temperature and night sweats. [jamanetwork.com]

  […] rat bite, 1 or as epidemics of so-called Haverhill fever, presumably due to infected milk. 2 Regardless of source, the clinical picture resulting from infections with this organism is one of an acute infection with abrupt onset, and characterized by chills [annals.org]

  […] called haverhill fever, or erythema arthriticum epidemicum, acute infection caused by the microorganism Streptobacillus moniliformis, transmitted to humans by rat bite or by the ingestion of contaminated foods and characterized by the sudden onset of chills [britannica.com]

  Fever, headaches, fatigue, myalgia, migratory polyarthralgia (involving the hands, wrists, elbows and knees in most cases), vomiting, weight loss, diarrhea, and chills are clinical hallmarks of this infection. [symptoma.com]

• Rigor

  This infection is characterized by the abrupt onset of fever with rigors, myalgias, headache, polyarthritis, and rash. We report a case of infection with S. moniliformis that manifested as acute polyarthritis with involvement of the spine. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fatigue

  Fever, headaches, fatigue, myalgia, migratory polyarthralgia (involving the hands, wrists, elbows and knees in most cases), vomiting, weight loss, diarrhea, and chills are clinical hallmarks of this infection. [symptoma.com]

• Malaise

  The acute disease is often associated with fever, malaise, and arthralgias. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Common Cold

  They can occur from a number of causes, including: Common Colds: Most sore throats are the symptom of a cold, often followed by a runny nose and a cough. [chcmass.com]

  In a uniquely visual two-color design, Lippincott's Guide to Infectious Diseases gives a quick overview of 160 infectious diseases from the common cold and otitis media to MRSA and other newer threats including Bartonella quintana. [books.google.com]

• Vomiting

  It should be noted that Haverhill fever may be distinguished from rat bite fever by more severe episodes of vomiting and an increased rate of pharyngitis. [symptoma.com]

  W., a white man aged 38, while welding in a small compartment of a ship on April 7, 1946, became nauseated, vomited once and had diarrhea for twenty-four hours. [jamanetwork.com]

  Other red flags include trouble drinking, either from vomiting or being too tired, especially if there is less urination, or if the child seems pale. In those cases, parents should seek immediate medical attention for their child, McCarthy said. [bostonglobe.com]

  […] fever, or erythema arthriticum epidemicum, acute infection caused by the microorganism Streptobacillus moniliformis, transmitted to humans by rat bite or by the ingestion of contaminated foods and characterized by the sudden onset of chills, fever, and vomiting [britannica.com]

• Nausea

  Definitions of Haverhill fever 1 n the form of ratbite fever occurring in the United States Type of: ratbite fever either of two infectious diseases transmitted to humans by the bite of a rat or mouse; characterized by fever and headache and nausea and [vocabulary.com]

  Yun said it’s important to realize Tamiflu can also have side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and confusion, so patients should ask their doctor whether those potential downsides are worth the potential benefit of getting better one day sooner. [bostonglobe.com]

  A child with scarlet fever also may have chills, body aches, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. When scarlet fever occurs because of a throat infection, the fever typically stops within 3 to 5 days, and the sore throat passes soon afterward. [haverhillfamilypractice.co.uk]

  The symptoms may include a sudden fever, chills, headaches, muscle or joint aches, and nausea. A rash may also occur. These symptoms usually continue for 2 to 9 days, then disappear. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Diarrhea

  W., a white man aged 38, while welding in a small compartment of a ship on April 7, 1946, became nauseated, vomited once and had diarrhea for twenty-four hours. [jamanetwork.com]

  Fever, headaches, fatigue, myalgia, migratory polyarthralgia (involving the hands, wrists, elbows and knees in most cases), vomiting, weight loss, diarrhea, and chills are clinical hallmarks of this infection. [symptoma.com]

  Hepatitis 299 43 Chronic Hepatitis 309 Cholecystitis and Cholangitis 321 45 Pyogenic Liver Abscess 327 46 Infectious Complications of Acute Pancreatitis 331 47 Esophageal Infections 339 48 Gastroenteritis 349 49 Food Poisoning 359 50 AntibioticAssociated Diarrhea [books.google.de]

• Arthritis

  If a member of your family has rheumatoid arthritis, you may have an increased risk of the disease. [costel.info]

  711.6 ] human parvovirus 079.83 [ 711.5 ] hyperparathyroidism 252.00 [ 713.0 ] hypersensitivity reaction NEC 995.3 [ 713.6 ] hypogammaglobulinemia (see also Hypogammaglobulinemia) 279.00 [ 713.0 ] hypothyroidism NEC 244.9 [ 713.0 ] infection (see also Arthritis [icd9data.com]

  The case is reported of a patient who developed an acute arthropathy, which was initially diagnosed as acute septic arthritis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Abstract The case is reported of a patient who developed an acute arthropathy, which was initially diagnosed as acute septic arthritis. [doi.org]

  Adults may also experience arthralgia and arthritis although these symptoms are less common in children. In addition, mild transient anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia may develop. Treatment Most patients require no specific therapy. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Arthralgia

  The clinical features included fever, an erythematous rash that was most prominent on the hands and feet, arthralgia, and the subsequent development of a sore throat. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The acute disease is often associated with fever, malaise, and arthralgias. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Skin Rash

  rash and inflammation of the joints. [britannica.com]

  Synonym: toasted skin syndrome. ERYTHEMA ANNULARE erythema annulare A red, ring-shaped rash. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Formication

  Causes of Rheumatism Bee and ant stings were known as a folk remedy in the late 19th century, and at least one physician developed a treatment consisting of repeated formic acid injections. See the stories of satisfied Mayo Clinic patients. [costel.info]

Having in mind the very rare occurrence of Haverhill fever in medical practice, the diagnosis may be difficult to make, but a detailed patient history and a thorough physical examination can provide vital information for a presumptive diagnosis [1] [4]. Firstly, recent consumption of "suspicious" food or beverages must be noted during history taking, whereas signs of vomiting and constitutional symptoms accompanied by a migratory polyarthritis could be sufficient to order further laboratory testing to exclude S. moniliformis as the underlying cause of symptoms. A complete blood count (CBC), inflammatory parameters - C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and fibrinogen, as well as serum electrolytes and protein levels are recommended in workup, while microbiological studies, mainly cultivation of blood or joint fluid, is mandatory for the diagnosis of Haverhill fever [1] [7] [8]. Blood cultures can detect S. moniliformis after 3-7 days of growth, but because this bacterial pathogen requires specific media for cultivation, laboratories must be noted in advance, in order to prepare necessary components for testing [7]. The recent introduction of novel molecular techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), has greatly improved the diagnosis of many microbial organisms, including bacteria, and this procedure should be performed whenever possible [1] [7] [8]. Due to its cost, however, it is still not widely available in the developing world, and the diagnosis still relies on high clinical suspicion and results obtained from cultivation [4].

Always consult with a trained herbalist before starting any new treatment. Suggestion for Rheumatism Hot and cold treatment has been proved helpful in relieving pain from rheumatism. [costel.info]

Each two-page spread showcases a disease in a quick-glance format with consistent headings: causes, complications, assessment findings, diagnostic tests, treatments, nursing interventions, patient teaching, and safety precautions for nurse, patient, and [books.google.com]

Streptomycin was used by us in the treatment of Haverhill fever for the first time, as far as we are able to determine. REPORT OF A CASE History.— B. [jamanetwork.com]

Substituted biphenylene compounds and methods of use thereof for the treatment of viral diseases US9254292B2 ( en ) 2010-09-29 2016-02-09 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. [patents.google.com]

DISCLAIMER: All material available on eHealthMe.com is for informational purposes only, and is not a substitute for medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment provided by a qualified healthcare provider. [ehealthme.com]

Due to the similar etiology, Haverhill fever and rat bite fever have the same clinical presentation, although different modes of infection are described. [symptoma.com]

Synonym: fifth disease Etiology The causative agent is human parvovirus B-19. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

History [ edit ] Relapsing fever has been described since the days of the ancient Greeks. [8] After an outbreak in Edinburgh in the 1840s, relapsing fever was given its name, but the etiology of the disease was not better understood for a decade. [8] [en.wikipedia.org]

Get the skills you need now with new information on global humanitarian relief and expedition medicine, plus expanded coverage of injury prevention and environmental preservation. [books.google.de]

In order to prevent crises like this from happening again, homes and businesses turn to Bain to assure that rats, mice, and other pests stay far away from homes and businesses. [bainpestcontrol.com]

Our physicians specialize in pediatrics including diagnostics, prevention, and treatment of conditions such as allergies, asthma, colds and flu, diabetes (type 1 and type 2), ear infections, eczema and more. [chcmass.com]

Diagnosis Prevent Rodent Infestations [cdc.gov]

1. Elliott SP. Rat Bite Fever and Streptobacillus moniliformis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2007;20(1):13-22.
2. Matheson K, Langley JM, Lang B, Mailman T. Polyarthritis, fever and a rash in a young girl. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2008;19(1):73-74.
3. Grude N, Tveten Y, Torp PØ, Laastad O. Rat-bite fever [Article in Norwegian]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2001;121(26):3057-8.
4. Booth CM, Katz KC, Brunton J. Fever and a rat bite. Can J Infect Dis. 2002;13(4):269-272.
5. Akter R, Boland P, Daley P, Rahman P, Al Ghanim N. Rat Bite Fever Resembling Rheumatoid Arthritis. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2016;2016:7270413.
6. Andre J-M, Freydiere AM, Benito Y, et al. Rat bite fever caused by Streptobacillus moniliformis in a child: human infection and rat carriage diagnosed by PCR. J Clin Pathol. 2005;58(11):1215-1216.
7. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Mandel, Douglas and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Churchill Livingstone; 2015.
8. Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA. Medical Microbiology. Seventh edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders; 2013.