One of the commonest presenting complain is failure to thrive and this results from difficulty in feeding due to dyspnea. Infants typically develop cyanosis and the severity is related to the degree of stenosis [7]. Sometimes these infants only develop these signs when they cry or feed in a phenomenon known as Tet spells. Older children with this condition squat a lot as squatting increases pulmonary blood flow by increasing peripheral vascular resistance. Dyspnea on exertion worsens with age and older children may rupture some bronchial collaterals which will cause hemoptysis [8].

Physical exam will reveal a small for age baby, cyanosis, finger clubbing in older children, heart murmurs typically a systolic ejection murmur, scoliosis, bulging left hemithorax, palpable right ventricle and retinal engorgement.

• Atrial Septal Defect

  At surgery the patient was found to have a complete atrioventricular septal defect in addition to these anomalies. Complete anatomical correction was achieved through the right atrial approach. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Do you have a child between 30 days and 17 years old who will have elective surgery to close an atrial septal defect? This study tests a tool that allows surgeons to tell the difference between various types of heart tissue and avoid injury. [nhlbi.nih.gov]

• Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease

  Author information 1 Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. Abstract Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease, with a familial recurrence risk of 3%. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Abstract: This book covers the most common form of cyanotic congenital heart disease, one of the first to be successfully repaired by heart surgeons. The text explores monitoring and treatment of adults, Read more... [worldcat.org]

• Congestive Heart Failure

  Drugs that help to remove excess fluid from the body (diuretics), dietary salt restriction, and bed rest may be effective in treating congestive heart failure. [rarediseases.org]

  Finally, for patients with mild disease, with so‐called “pink tetralogy” due to the lack of cyanosis, their presentation may consist of signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure due to the left‐to‐right shunting across the VSD and subsequent pulmonary [pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu]

  Major factors were congestive heart failure and schizophrenia in one patient (#17 in Table 1, died suddenly) and schizophrenia in the other (#15 in Table 1, with repeated admissions). [nature.com]

  In addition, this approach avoids the risks of pulmonary artery shunting with its inherent risks, namely shunt thrombosis, congestive heart failure, pulmonary artery distortion, or pulmonary vascular disease. [circ.ahajournals.org]

  Recognition and management of congestive heart failure was necessary in 19% of deliveries. [clinicaladvisor.com]

• Pediatric Disease

  So here we have a kid- I always say kid because, for the most part, this is still a pediatric disease. We correct it in the patients when they're kids. So they're running around, let's say they're four years old. [khanacademy.org]

• Unconsciousness

  During a spell, a child becomes short of breath, deeply cyanotic (with very low oxygen levels), irritable and even lethargic or unconscious. [childheartassociates.com]

• Respiratory Distress

  We report a male infant with these combined anomalies who presented with severe cyanosis, heart failure, and respiratory distress after birth. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Discontinuation of life: ethical and legal issues -- Respiratory complications: acute respiratory distress syndrome, chylothorax, diaphragmatic palsy, and functional and respiratory physiotherapy -- Gastrointestinal complications: necrotizing enterocolitis [worldcat.org]

  The past few days he has had poor feeding and recurrent episodes of respiratory distress associated with ‘turning blue’. He was diagnosed with Tetralogy of Fallot antenatally and was born at term (a normal vaginal birth). [lifeinthefastlane.com]

  distress or heart failure. [physio-pedia.com]

• Tachypnea

  The tachypnea is due to pulmonary overcirculation, resulting from left to right flow across the ventricular septal defect. [clinicaladvisor.com]

  Consensus definitions of sepsis from 1989, 1992, 2003, and 2016 Sepsis syndrome definition (1989)  Sepsis syndrome criteria   Hypothermia < 35.5℃ or hyperthermia > 38.3℃   Tachycardia > 90 beats/min   Tachypnea > 20 breaths/min   Clinical evidence of [ekjm.org]

  Symptoms include stridor, cyanosis and tachypnea and should lead to immediate admittance and treatment. Systemic corticosteroids are used in patients with risk of airway compromise and show significant results within 12–36 h if treated aggressively. [bmcfampract.biomedcentral.com]

• Clubbed Finger

  The symptoms of ToF may be present at birth or shortly afterward, and include: Blueish discoloration of skin – “blue baby” Clubbed fingers Problems with eating Failure to gain weight Developmental delays Episodes of passing out What are “tet spells?” [agileglobalhealth.com]

  They include: a bluish skin color clubbed fingers, or growths of skin and bone around the fingernails problems with eating failure to gain weight developmental delays or problems episodes of passing out The exact cause of TOF is unknown, but several risk [healthline.com]

• Heart Disease

  Some examples of cardiovascular diseases include ischemic heart disease, heart valve disease, cardiomyopathies, peripheral artery disease, congenital heart disease, and vascular disease of the kidneys. This study is located in Bethesda, Maryland. [nhlbi.nih.gov]

• Cyanosis

  Cyanosis is an important sign of tetralogy of Fallot. Cyanosis is a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails. Low oxygen levels in the blood cause cyanosis. Babies who have unrepaired tetralogy of Fallot sometimes have "tet spells." [web.archive.org]

  This leads to cyanosis (a bluish-purple color to the skin). [nlm.nih.gov]

  There may be permanent cyanosis. Also found in cattle and dog. [whonamedit.com]

  The term cyanosis means a bluish discoloration of the skin. The cause of cyanosis is a lower than normal blood oxygen level. [pediatricheartspecialists.com]

• Single S2

  […] with knee-chest position, oxygen, or morphine usual onset is around 2-6 months of age Physical exam systolic thrill along the left sternal border loud and harsh systolic ejection murmur on the upper sternal border may or may not have a preceding click single [step1.medbullets.com]

  Single S2 - pulmonary valve closure not heard. Systolic ejection murmur - varies in intensity inversely with the degree of RVOT obstruction. Cyanotic patients have greater obstruction and a softer murmur. [patient.info]

  There is also a loud and single S2 in TOF. [lifeinthefastlane.com]

  Patients will have a normal S1 and possibly a single S2 due to diminished P2 component. Click on the icon below to hear the murmur of TOF: Cyanosis: If patients are cyanotic, this is most commonly seen on the lips or nail beds. [pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu]

• Long Arm

  This is an autosomal dominant condition caused by a deletion in the long arm of chromosome 22 (22q11.2 deletion) and is found in approximately 15% of ToF patients. They may, however, be otherwise phenotypically normal. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Laboratory investigations include blood tests to check the hemoglobin and hematocrit which will be elevated; arterial blood gas to show oxygen saturation, pH and partial pressure of carbon dioxide.

Radiologic studies include chest X-rays which shows a characteristic boot shaped heart, signifying right ventricular hypertrophy. MRI is also valuable as it shows vessels in addition to the heart. An echocardiogram is the mainstay in diagnosis as it demonstrates the four anatomical defects. Electrocardiograms can also be done to examine the electrical activity of the heart [9].

• P Pulmonale

  Example 2 Right axis deviation (+150 degrees) P pulmonale (P wave in lead II > 2.5 mm) Incomplete RBBB Right ventricular strain pattern with T-wave inversion and ST depression in the right precordial (V1-3) and inferior (II, III, aVF) leads. [litfl.com]

• Right Atrial Hypertrophy

  A right aortic arch is present in 25%. ECG shows right ventricular hypertrophy and may also show right atrial hypertrophy. [msdmanuals.com]

The definitive treatment of this condition is surgical correction and this is best done in the first year of life. The surgery aims to close the ventricular septal defect with the use of a patch or homograft, resect the infundibular stenosis and relieve right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. These procedures are usually done under cardiopulmonary bypass.

The two common surgical procedures are Blalock-Taussig shunt which is palliative and intracardiac repair which is definitive.

Before surgery however, medications like prostaglandins may be necessary to keep the ductus arteriosus patent. Other associated acute complications are also managed like diuretics and digitalis for heart failure [10].

The prognosis is favorable for patients who undergo surgical repair with over 90% of 20-year survival rate. The advancement of surgical techniques has seen a drastic reduction in the number of deaths. There is however a high mortality rate in those who do not undergo surgical repair. It is estimated that 50% of them would have died by the age of 6 years. Less than 20% of them reach the age of 10 years and less than half of those live beyond 20 years. Patients who survive beyond this point develop congestive cardiac failure [6].

The cause of tetralogy of Fallot, like most congenital heart diseases, is unknown. Studies however suggest a multifactorial etiology. There are prenatal factors that have been associated with an increased risk of developing tetralogy of Fallot. These include viral illnesses during pregnancy e.g rubella, mothers age greater than 40 years, maternal alcohol use, diabetes, and poor prenatal nutrition. Children born with Down syndrome and fetal hydantoin syndrome also have an increased risk of suffering from tetralogy of Fallot [2].

It is estimated that tetralogy of Fallot is responsible for 10% of all cases of congenital heart disease. It has an incidence of up to 6 in 100,000 live births and it is the most common cause of cyanotic congenital heart disease. It is responsible for approximately 33% of all congenital heart diseases in patients younger than 15 years [3].

It affects males more than females and the cases are usually sporadic with no familial association. It is associated with other extracardiac defects like hypospadias, cleft lip and palate, and craniofacial and skeletal anomalies.

The initial defect is pulmonary infundibular stenosis which causes narrowing of the outflow tract, which limits the amount of deoxygenated blood that goes into pulmonary circulation. In response to this, the right ventricle increases the pressure with which it pumps blood into the lungs. This increased workload will lead to hypertrophy of the muscles of the right ventricle. There is also a ventricular septal defect which allows shunting of blood between both ventricles. In VSD, due to the hypertrophy of the right ventricle, the shunting is from right to left i.e. deoxygenated to oxygenated. This blood which is part deoxygenated is then pumped though the overriding aorta to the systemic circulation leading to the cyanosis that is manifested [4].

In different individuals, there is slight anatomical variation in the degree of anomalies. The severity of the outflow tract varies between patients and is responsible for severity of symptoms. In patients with smaller obstructions, as in patients with isolated VSD, the shunt is left to right and this allows the blood to go into the lungs where it can get reoxygenated [5].

There are no known guidelines for preventing this condition. Some steps may however be taken to prevent some preventable risk factors like maternal alcohol use.

Tetralogy of Fallot is a common congenital heart disorder. It is a cyanotic heart disease and is the most common cause of blue baby syndrome, a common name for methemoglobinemia in newborns. Although it comprises of four main anomalies, there could be other defects and they are all together responsible for the myriad of symptoms seen in patients with tetralogy of Fallot [1].

Definition: Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a congenital heart defect, the baby is born with it. It is made up of 4 different defects and the severity of these defects determine the severity of the symptoms in the child.

Cause: There is no known cause. However, some maternal factors have been associated with an increased risk of the child developing TOF. They include, viral infections in pregnancy, maternal diabetes, maternal age over 40, maternal alcohol use, and poor prenatal nutrition.

Symptoms: The most common symptom us the child’s inability to feed. The growth will also be stunted as a result. There might also be blue discoloration especially of the lips and mouth (blue baby syndrome) and sometimes, this discoloration is only noticed when the child feeds or cries. Older children tend to squat a lot. There may be also be difficulty in breathing after a little exercise and coughing up blood.

Diagnosis: A series of blood tests will be required to check the blood levels including its gases. Some imaging tests like X-rays and echocardiograms will also be done to look at the size of the heart and the direction of blood flow within it.

Treatment: The main treatment is corrective surgery. This is preferably done in the first year of life and ideally not later than 2 years. Medications are given before surgery to manage circulation and also treat acute attacks.

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3. Perloff JK. The Clinical Recognition of Congenital Heart Disease, 4th, WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1994.
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