Other signs and symptoms include bleeding of the gums; blood present in stool, urine, and/or vomit; and nosebleeds. [livestrong.com]

C 2, 21 Patients with myelodysplastic syndrome usually will present with anemia and lymphoma with lymphadenopathy. [aafp.org]

ITP is called acute when it has been present for less than one year and chronic when present for longer. The clinical onset may be rapid or gradual. [rarediseases.org]

The current pregnancy had a breech presentation, for which the patient was scheduled for a cesarean delivery. [anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org]

Although type 1 diabetes is considered an autoimmune T-cell–mediated disease, B-cells do play a role in its development by both secreting autoantibodies specific for islet cell proteins (used as markers of the disease) and acting as antigen-presenting [care.diabetesjournals.org]

See Workup. Treatment of HIT begins with discontinuation of all heparin products (including heparin flushes of intravenous catheters). The patient should then be started on an alternative anticoagulant. See Treatment and Medication. [emedicine.medscape.com]

If treatment is needed, the response to treatment varies from person to person. [patient.info]

Emergency treatment Severe or widespread ITP requires emergency treatment. [healthline.com]

[…] don’t need any treatment at all. [lymphomas.org.uk]

Standard Therapies Treatment While there is no well-established cure for ITP, almost all patients find their platelet count improves following treatment. [rarediseases.org]

Prognosis HIT-II is a potentially very serious condition. [myvmc.com]

Long-term outlook for a child with ITP Although there is no known cause of ITP and there is no cure, the prognosis for a child with ITP is very good. [childrensnational.org]

It was possible that patient prognosis or clinicians' preferences influenced the allocation of participants to receive one or another medication. This process should be implemented by chance to allow a fair comparison between the therapies. [cochrane.org]

Recent improvements in early diagnosis and treatment have resulted in a better prognosis, but rates of mortality and major complications of HIT are still as high as 6-10%. [33] Complications Possible complications of HIT include the following: Deep venous [emedicine.medscape.com]

In adults, the outlook (prognosis) is variable depending on the severity of symptoms. Most people do not need any treatment. If treatment is needed, the response to treatment varies from person to person. [patient.info]

Common Etiologies of Thrombocytopenia with Clinical Findings and Suggested Treatment Etiology Severity Clinical presentation Evaluation Treatment Comments Bone marrow suppression by irradiation, chemotherapy, or neoplasia Moderate to severe History of [aafp.org]

In addition, the etiology of the thrombocytopenia is often unclear. [anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org]

Etiology Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is caused by antibodies that bind to complexes of heparin and platelet factor 4 (PF4), activating the platelets and promoting a prothrombotic state. [emedicine.medscape.com]

[…] count to less than 50% of baseline or an absolute decrease to less than 100 10 9 /L (in some studies, a value lower than 150 10 9 /L has been used), typically 5 to 10 days after the initiation of heparin therapy, a pattern indicative of the immunologic etiology [bloodjournal.org]

Chronic immune thrombocytopenia in children: epidemiology and clinical presentation. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2009;23(6):1223-38. Fogarty PF. Chronic immune thrombocytopenia in adults: epidemiology and clinical presentation. [rarediseases.org]

Epidemiology The incidence of HIT in patients receiving unfractionated heparin (UFH) for 5 or more consecutive days is 1-5% depending on the patient population. [clinicaladvisor.com]

Discussion Epidemiology Up to 8% of patients receive heparins form HIT antibodies [ 4 ]. However, less than 10% of these patients develop HIT and an even smaller proportion experience symptomatic thrombosis [ 5 ]. [oapublishinglondon.com]

A study suggested that fondaparinux may be associated with formation of anti–PF4/heparin antibodies but, in contrast to LMWH, is unlikely to cause HIT because of the poor reactivity of antibodies against PF4/fondaparinux. [19] Epidemiology In the United [emedicine.medscape.com]

EDTA-dependent pseudothrombocytopaenia: a 12-month epidemiological study. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1988;48(6):537–542. 18. Sane DC, Damaraju LV, Topol EJ, et al. [aafp.org]

Figure 1 illustrates the pathophysiology of HIT. Figure 1 Pathophysiology of heparin induced thrombocytopenia. Clinical features and diagnosis The onset of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia may be rapid or delayed. [thrombosisjournal.biomedcentral.com]

[…] complications of HIT can be severe Two types HIT type I, a benign non-immune condition HIT type II, an immune-mediated syndrome caused by an antibody to the PF4/heparin complex — what we mean when we say “HIT” Incidence of HIT type II 1-5% with UFH 1% with LMWH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY [lifeinthefastlane.com]

Pathophysiology Two types of HIT have been described: HIT type 1 and HIT type 2. HIT type 1 is now often called heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. [oapublishinglondon.com]

Pathophysiology HIT is an immunologic adverse reaction to heparin therapy. The target antigen in HIT is a novel epitope within platelet factor 4 (PF4). [clinicaladvisor.com]

A good source of information on this subject is Pathophysiology of secondary immune thrombocytopenia (Cines et. Al. 2009): Cines DB, Liebman H, Stasi R. Pathobiology of secondary immune thrombocytopenia. [rarediseases.org]

Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e495S. [pharmacytimes.com]

Use a soft toothbrush to prevent bleeding gums. Wear a seatbelt in the car, and put on gloves and goggles when you work with power tools to prevent injury. [webmd.com]

Preventing bleeding Parents of a child with ITP need to be aware of how to prevent injuries and bleeding. [childrensnational.org]

Can thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) be prevented? Thrombocytopenia may be preventable only if its underlying cause is known and preventable. For example, in patients with alcohol-induced thrombocytopenia, alcohol avoidance is recommended. [emedicinehealth.com]