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Thyroxine
3 5 3' 5' Tetraiodothyronine

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WIKIDATA, Public Domain

Presentation

Thyroid storm may present with normal serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and hepatic failure. Such presentation is rare. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Entire Body System

  • Weight Loss

    Excessive use of L-thyroxine can speed your metabolism and lead to weight loss -- and serious health problems, including an irregular heartbeat, angina, heart attack and a loss of bone mass -- in severe cases it can lead to osteoporosis. [livestrong.com]

    If there is one thing most doctors think they know it’s that weight gain can be caused by an underactive thyroid and having an overactive thyroid leads to weight loss. So the thyroid hormone, thyroxine, will lead to weight loss. [rxisk.org]

    If the thyroid gland produces too much T4, the rate of the patient's body functions will increase and cause symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism such as increased heart rate, anxiety, weight loss, difficulty sleeping, tremors in the hands, and puffiness [healthcheckusa.com]

    loss, but I'm not noticing that. [patientslikeme.com]

  • Weight Gain

    I’ve asked several doctors since and none believe that thyroxine could cause weight gain. [rxisk.org]

    If you continue eating the same amount of food, you will start to gain weight. According to the American Thyroid Association, the more severe the hypothyroidism, the greater the weight gain. [livestrong.com]

    A 44-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of increasing fluid retention, weight gain, and fatigue. She had long-standing hypothyroidism on a stable levothyroxine dosage, 125 mcg/d. She had gained 27 kg and had developed significant edema. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

    Hypothyroidism leads to symptoms of cold hands and feet, weight gain, fatigue and poor concentration. Thyroid hormones consist of either levothyroxine (T4) or triidothyronine (T3), which are produced in the thyroid gland. [sharecare.com]

  • Fatigue

    Thyrotoxicosis can also cause menstrual irregularities, an increase in bowel movements, weight loss, heat intolerance, fatigue, and irritability. [hormone.org]

    Anyone who- has a family member with thyroid disease has been diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome is a woman in or near menopause has recently given birth has other pituitary or endocrine disease is experiencing symptoms of thyroid disease [healthcheckusa.com]

    A 44-year-old woman presented with a 3-month history of increasing fluid retention, weight gain, and fatigue. She had long-standing hypothyroidism on a stable levothyroxine dosage, 125 mcg/d. She had gained 27 kg and had developed significant edema. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  • Swelling

    Weighing just around 20 grams, the gland will, at times, swell, so that it can be felt by our fingers. [portea.com]

    Thyrotoxicosis can be recognised by a goitre, which is a swelling of the neck due to enlargement of the thyroid gland. [yourhormones.info]

    This can cause a goiter, which is a swelling of the neck because of an enlarged thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis can also cause menstrual irregularities, an increase in bowel movements, weight loss, heat intolerance, fatigue, and irritability. [hormone.org]

    In Graves' disease the thyroid gland usually enlarges, which causes a swelling (goitre) in the neck. See the separate leaflet called Goitre (Thyroid Swelling). The eyes are also affected in about half of cases. [patient.info]

  • Inflammation

    AIM: The eicosanoids derived from phospholipids play key roles in inflammation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

    This may be caused by overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism), as in Graves' disease, inflammation of the thyroid or a benign tumour. [yourhormones.info]

    Thyrotoxicosis is commonly caused by hyperthyroidism, tumors in the thyroid gland, or thyroid inflammation. The body can also produce too little thyroxine, a condition known as hypothyroidism. [hormone.org]

    More commonly, there is persistent dry scale in a “moccasin” distribution with minimal inflammation. Source: Color Atlas of Pediatric Dermatology Samuel Weinberg, Neil S. [medicinenet.com]

Gastrointestinal

  • Loss of Appetite

    Other symptoms of thyrotoxicosis include intolerance to heat, weight loss, increased appetite, increased bowel movements, irregular menstrual cycle, rapid or irregular heartbeat, palpitations, tiredness, irritability, tremor, hair thinning/loss and retraction [yourhormones.info]

    Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis include weight loss, increased appetite, palpitations, nervousness, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, sweating, tachycardia, increased pulse and blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmias, tremors, insomnia, heat intolerance, fever, and [drugbank.ca]

Cardiovascular

  • Tachycardia

    At this time, the common clinical signs and symptoms include nervousness, insomnia, mild tremor of hands, tachycardia, mild elevation of body temperature, blood pressure elevation, and loose stools. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

    […] effects require changes in gene expression) symptoms (when present) may last up to 3 weeks. clinical manifestations of thyroxine overdose are largely sympathomimetic in nature and result from adrenergic stimulation – they include: agitation, sweating, tachycardia [lifeinthefastlane.com]

    […] cause an increase in heart rate, cardiac wall thickness, and cardiac contractility and may precipitate angina or arrhythmias, particularly in patients with cardiovascular disease and in elderly patients. [ Ref ] Frequency not reported : Palpitations, tachycardia [drugs.com]

  • Hypertension

    Hypertension, dysrhythmias, and delusions did not appear in our patient. Only distal tremor and diaphoresis appeared on day 1 after ingestion. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

    A 65-year-old female with a past medical history significant for hypothyroidism, hypertension and obesity was brought into the emergency room after experiencing a syncopal episode. [go.gale.com]

Skin

  • Blister

    Storage of Oroxine and Eutroxsig It is essential to refrigerate blister strips not yet in use of Oroxine and Eutroxsig between 2 – 8 Degrees Celcius (refrigerated temperature). The ATF recommend all blister strips be kept refrigerated at all times. [thyroidfoundation.org.au]

    Always store tablets in their original blister strips. If you do not keep the tablets in the blister strip they may not keep as well. [nps.org.au]

    Symptoms Symptoms of athlete's foot include: Intense itching of the feet Cracked, blistered or peeling areas of skin, especially between the toes Redness and scaling on the soles In most people, signs of infection are seen on the webbed skin between the [health.harvard.edu]

    Less common causes of intertrigo include granular parakeratosis, bullous pemphigoid and Hailey-Hailey disease (a rare hereditary blistering skin disease). Answer 3 Dermatophytosis, candidiasis and erythrasma can cause similar lesions. [racgp.org.au]

    Some types of athlete's foot feature blisters or ulcers. The moccasin variety of athlete's foot causes chronic dryness and scaling on the soles that extends up the side of the foot. It can be mistaken for eczema or dry skin. [mayoclinic.org]

Neurologic

  • Tremor

    Only distal tremor and diaphoresis appeared on day 1 after ingestion. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

    […] intolerance hives or welts, skin itching, rash, or redness irregular breathing irritability menstrual changes nausea pain or discomfort in the arms, jaw, back, or neck sweating swelling of the eyes, face, lips, throat, or tongue tightness in the chest tremors [drugs.com]

    If the thyroid gland produces too much T4, the rate of the patient's body functions will increase and cause symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism such as increased heart rate, anxiety, weight loss, difficulty sleeping, tremors in the hands, and puffiness [healthcheckusa.com]

    Other symptoms of thyrotoxicosis include intolerance to heat, weight loss, increased appetite, increased bowel movements, irregular menstrual cycle, rapid or irregular heartbeat, palpitations, tiredness, irritability, tremor, hair thinning/loss and retraction [yourhormones.info]

  • Irritability

    […] loss More frequent bowel movements than usual Eye irritation or bulging eyes; these are symptoms of Graves' disease, a common cause of hyperthyroidism Menstrual irregularity Enlarged breasts and erectile dysfunction in men Thinning of hair High blood [urmc.rochester.edu]

    […] difficult or labored breathing difficulty with swallowing dilated neck veins extreme fatigue fainting fast, slow, irregular, pounding, or racing heartbeat or pulse fever heat intolerance hives or welts, skin itching, rash, or redness irregular breathing irritability [drugs.com]

    […] produces too much T4, the rate of the patient's body functions will increase and cause symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism such as increased heart rate, anxiety, weight loss, difficulty sleeping, tremors in the hands, and puffiness around dry, irritated [healthcheckusa.com]

    Other symptoms of thyrotoxicosis include intolerance to heat, weight loss, increased appetite, increased bowel movements, irregular menstrual cycle, rapid or irregular heartbeat, palpitations, tiredness, irritability, tremor, hair thinning/loss and retraction [yourhormones.info]

    Thyrotoxicosis can also cause menstrual irregularities, an increase in bowel movements, weight loss, heat intolerance, fatigue, and irritability. [hormone.org]

  • Agitation

    A week into the increase I began to feel ill with nausea, diarrhoea, agitation, nervousness. At first I didn't realise it was my meds and thought I had some sort of virus. [endocrineweb.com]

    and its clinical effects require changes in gene expression) symptoms (when present) may last up to 3 weeks. clinical manifestations of thyroxine overdose are largely sympathomimetic in nature and result from adrenergic stimulation – they include: agitation [lifeinthefastlane.com]

    Mihran Damadian, who never mentions a Torossian in his recollections, and Mushegh Seropian were veterans of Armenian agitation. [dailysabah.com]

    Beta-blockers (propranolol, Inderal, Inderal LA, InnoPran XL) This medicine can help block the body's reaction to hyperthyroidism It can control heart-related symptoms, such as palpitations, tremors, and agitation Iodide solutions (Lugol's solution, Strong [emedicinehealth.com]

  • Hand Tremor

    Symptoms of hyperthyroidism, or too much thyroid activity, include: Anxiety and mood swings Irritability Weakness in the arms and legs Sleeping problems Hand tremors Sweating Low tolerance for heat Irregular heartbeat Extreme tiredness Unexplained weight [urmc.rochester.edu]

    tremors changes in heart rate changes in blood pressure You may also experience more general symptoms, such as: weight changes difficulty sleeping or insomnia anxiety fatigue and weakness intolerance to cold sensitivity to light menstrual irregularity [healthline.com]

  • Hyperactivity

    The common side effects that you should watch out for when taking synthetic thyroxine drugs are as follows: Hyperactivity Insomnia Headache Fatigue Excessive sweating Anxiety Appetite changes Weakness These side effects are usually experienced when one [progressivehealth.com]

    Nature volume 157, pages771–772(1946)Cite this article 5 Accesses 0 Altmetric Metrics details Abstract THIOUREA and derivatives1–3 and sulphonamide compounds4,5 inhibit the formation of the catabolic hormone both in normal and in hyperactive thyroids. [nature.com]

    […] pressure, heart failure, angina, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest [ Ref ] Endocrine Frequency not reported : Changes in symptom presentation for diabetes and adrenal cortical insufficiency [ Ref ] Nervous system Frequency not reported : Headache, hyperactivity [drugs.com]

    Consequently, tissue concentrations of thyroxine are precisely defined: too much leads to hyperactivity and too little to dormancy. The storage and transport of thyroxine in blood has been well documented in humans [ 2, 3 ]. [rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org]

Workup

Laboratory workup showed hypokalaemia, low thyroid-stimulating hormone and thyroxine (T4) but normal T3 and thyroglobulin levels. The radioiodine uptake scan also showed reduced uptake. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Other Test Results

  • Increased Basal Metabolic Rate

    […] cardiac output Increases heart rate Increases ventilation rate Increases basal metabolic rate Potentiates the effects of catecholamines (i.e. increases sympathetic activity) Potentiates brain development Thickens endometrium in females Increases catabolism [en.wikipedia.org]

    All the patients had symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism, diffuse goiter, an increased basal metabolic rate, increased thyroidal uptake of 123I, and increased serum levels of thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and antibodies to TSH receptors. [nejm.org]

Treatment

The patient was started on D-T4 treatment since she exhibited clinical symptoms of hyperthyroidism. After 1.5 years, D-T4 treatment was switched to TRIAC which lasted 5.5 years. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis

Patients with lower FT4 (Q1) showed poorer baseline attention; therefore, lower baseline FT4 levels predicted a poorer prognosis in terms of attention performance. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis The type of tinea pedis infection and underlying conditions (eg, immunosuppression, diabetes) affect the prognosis; however, with appropriate treatment, the prognosis is generally good. [emedicine.medscape.com]

[…] and low TSH T4 thyrotoxicosis: high T4, low / normal T3; due to iodine, beta blockers, amiodarone, steroids or nonthyroidal illness T3 thyrotoxicosis: low / normal T4, high T3, low TSH Severe nonthyroidal illness: low T3, low T4, associated with poor prognosis [pathologyoutlines.com]

Etiology

For a considerable time, CU has been considered a disease of unknown etiology, but in recent years, a wide variety of causes and mechanisms have been suggested. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Patients were classifed according to underlying etiology and disease severity; and the time it took for different initial Na-L thyroxine doses to bring serum thyroid hormone levels to target levels was evaluated. 71 patients diagnosed with CH in the Pediatric [openaccess.hacettepe.edu.tr]

Cutaneous id reactions: A comprehensive review of clinical manifestations, epidemiology, etiology, and management. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012;38:191–202. DermNet NZ. Palmoplantar psoriasis. DermNet NZ, 2014. [bpac.org.nz]

Epidemiology

METHODS: We first conducted an epidemiological study, examining the prevalence of TGD among patients with KC. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

He has since completed further training in emergency medicine, clinical toxicology, clinical epidemiology and health professional education. [lifeinthefastlane.com]

Cutaneous id reactions: A comprehensive review of clinical manifestations, epidemiology, etiology, and management. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012;38:191–202. DermNet NZ. Palmoplantar psoriasis. DermNet NZ, 2014. [bpac.org.nz]

Pathophysiology

CONCLUSIONS: Our data implicate a crucial role of T4 in KC pathophysiology, which is most likely mediated by T4Rs. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Interpretation Provides information to assist in interpretation of the test results A change in thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) concentration may be of hereditary, pathophysiologic, or pharmacologic origin. [mayomedicallaboratories.com]

VIVO Pathophysiology Thyroid hormones are derivatives of the the amino acid tyrosine bound covalently to iodine. [vivo.colostate.edu]

Prevention

Clinical awareness and early recognition of these conditions are important to prevent unnecessary therapy with possible untoward effects. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Congenital hypothyroidism is probably the single most commom preventable case of mental retardation. [tosohindia.com]

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