The information presented for each chemical substance is concise yet thorough and does not require advanced training to comprehend. [books.google.com]

Herein, we present intestinal obstruction as an extraordinary manifestation of acute TDI toxicity after occupational exposure. TDI toxicity may cause intestinal obstruction. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Pulmonary manifestations are the predominant signs and symptoms of acute TDI toxicity, but patients may present with ophthalmic, dermatological, and gastrointestinal manifestations as well. 3 Herein, we present an extraordinary manifestation of acute [theijoem.com]

For example, OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard requires workplaces where toxic chemicals are present to properly inform their employees of the risks associated with these substances. [mhkattorneys.com]

Other sources of sulfur may be present in, for example, in the overall production process and can strain the HCl gas stream. [google.mk]

• Fever

  ‘Metal fume fever’ is the least of your problems An estimated 30 to 40 percent of all welders have suffered from metal fume fever, which causes delayed flu-like symptoms and typically requires just a couple of days off work. [mhkattorneys.com]

  Case Presentation A 16-year-old male who had been working in a sponge production factory since 18 months before, referred to our center with nausea, vomiting, periumbilical pain, fever and chills. [theijoem.com]

  Chemical or hypersensitive pneumonia may occur with flu-like symptoms (e.g. fever, chills). Irritation of the lungs may occur. Exposure may also cause laryngitis, shortness of breath and headache. [cameochemicals.noaa.gov]

  Flu-like symptoms such as fever, malaise, shortness of breath, and cough can develop 4 to 6 hours after exposure and persist for 12 hours or longer. Chest x-rays may indicate lung changes. [wwwn.cdc.gov]

• Falling

  […] males. [8] In Singapore, from 1983-1991, 33 people were found to have toluene in their blood postmortem; 22 were known glue sniffers; 11 were suspected of solvent abuse; 6.1% of deaths were from acute toluene poisoning; and 87.9% were associated with falling [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Malingering

  All test results of malingering were negative. Conclusion : Findings are consistent with TDI neurotoxicity. [neurotox.com]

• Cough

  His illness was eventually complicated by productive cough, weakness, sweats, muscle aches, and shortness of breath. Ultimately, he died. [blogs.edf.org]

  Flu-like symptoms such as fever, malaise, shortness of breath, and cough can develop 4 to 6 hours after exposure and persist for 12 hours or longer. Chest x-rays may indicate lung changes. [wwwn.cdc.gov]

  IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. [cameochemicals.noaa.gov]

• Dyspnea

  Students suffered eye and throat irritation, nausea, headache, vomiting, cough and dyspnea (shortness of breath), with nearly half of the exposed students complaining of at least four of those symptoms. [blogs.edf.org]

  Exposure may cause an asthmatic reaction with wheezing, dyspnea and cough. Some decrease in lung function in the absence of symptoms has been observed after long periods of exposure. Eosinophilia has been reported. [cameochemicals.noaa.gov]

• Rhinitis

  Other sequelae include muscle weakness, nasal ulcerations, recurrent epistaxis, chronic rhinitis, neuropsychiatric abnormalities, GI symptoms, and peripheral neuropathies (see Pathophysiology). [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Vomiting

  DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Transport the victim IMMEDIATELY to a hospital. [cameochemicals.noaa.gov]

  Case Presentation A 16-year-old male who had been working in a sponge production factory since 18 months before, referred to our center with nausea, vomiting, periumbilical pain, fever and chills. [theijoem.com]

  Inhalation of toluene diisocyanate produces euphoria, ataxia, mental aberrations, vomiting, abdominal pain, respiratory sensitization, bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. [wwwn.cdc.gov]

  Gastrointestinal GI symptoms from inhalation and ingestion may result in abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and hematemesis. Hepatotoxicity manifests with ascites, jaundice, hepatomegaly, and liver failure. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Inhalation may also cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and breathing problems. In addition, skin contact can cause a rash commonly referred to as contact dermatitis. [cwa-union.org]

• Nausea

  Case Presentation A 16-year-old male who had been working in a sponge production factory since 18 months before, referred to our center with nausea, vomiting, periumbilical pain, fever and chills. [theijoem.com]

  Inhalation may also cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and breathing problems. In addition, skin contact can cause a rash commonly referred to as contact dermatitis. [cwa-union.org]

  Students suffered eye and throat irritation, nausea, headache, vomiting, cough and dyspnea (shortness of breath), with nearly half of the exposed students complaining of at least four of those symptoms. [blogs.edf.org]

  Gastrointestinal GI symptoms from inhalation and ingestion may result in abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and hematemesis. Hepatotoxicity manifests with ascites, jaundice, hepatomegaly, and liver failure. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Exposure may cause an asthmatic reaction with wheezing, dyspnea and cough. Some decrease in lung function in the absence of symptoms has been observed after long periods of exposure. [cameochemicals.noaa.gov]

• Abdominal Pain

  Soon after the exposure, he developed abdominal pain and diarrhea. Four days later (two days before admission), he developed constipation. [theijoem.com]

  Gastrointestinal GI symptoms from inhalation and ingestion may result in abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and hematemesis. Hepatotoxicity manifests with ascites, jaundice, hepatomegaly, and liver failure. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Inhalation may also cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and breathing problems. In addition, skin contact can cause a rash commonly referred to as contact dermatitis. [cwa-union.org]

  Inhalation of toluene diisocyanate produces euphoria, ataxia, mental aberrations, vomiting, abdominal pain, respiratory sensitization, bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. [wwwn.cdc.gov]

  Other symptoms may include nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. Exposure may cause an asthmatic reaction with wheezing, dyspnea and cough. Some decrease in lung function in the absence of symptoms has been observed after long periods of exposure. [cameochemicals.noaa.gov]

• Chest Pain

  Print instructions only.pdf icon[43.5 KB] [ ] Call your doctor or the Emergency Department if you develop any unusual signs or symptoms within the next 24 hours, especially: $ coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, or chest pain [wwwn.cdc.gov]

• Dermatitis

  Estlander, T. et al., «Occupational dermatitis from exposure to polyurethane chemicals.» Contact dermatitis. Vol. 27, p. 161-165. (1992). ▲35. Parkes, W.R., Occupational lung disorders. 3rd ed. Oxford (Boston) : Butterworth-Heinemann. (1994). [csst.qc.ca]

  (defatting hydrocarbon dermatitis), chemical burns, and coagulation necrosis Epistaxis, nasal ulcerations, and chronic rhinitis Sudden death is the most serious risk from inhalation of toluene or other volatile substances. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  In addition, skin contact can cause a rash commonly referred to as contact dermatitis. Of particular concern, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has identified TDI as an (animal) carcinogen. [cwa-union.org]

  Skin contact may result in severe dermatitis. If the liquid is allowed to remain in contact with the skin, it may produce redness, swelling and blistering. It may also cause rashes and scaling. Skin sensitization can occur. [cameochemicals.noaa.gov]

• Eczema

  Medical conditions aggravated by exposure to this compound include asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, bronchial hyperactivity, skin allergies and eczema. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This chemical is highly toxic by inhalation and ingestion. [cameochemicals.noaa.gov]

• Burning Eyes

  After briefly directing traffic at the accident scene, both officers received medical care for severe symptoms, including burning eyes, throat irritation, cough, chest tightness, and difficult breathing. [blogs.edf.org]

• Lacrimation

  It is also a lacrimator. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen cyanide and nitrogen oxides. [cameochemicals.noaa.gov]

• Euphoria

  Toluene is commonly abused by saturating or soaking a sock or rag with toluene-contianing product, placing it over the nose and mouth, and inhaling to get a sensation of euphoria, buzz, or high. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Inhalation of toluene diisocyanate produces euphoria, ataxia, mental aberrations, vomiting, abdominal pain, respiratory sensitization, bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. [wwwn.cdc.gov]

• Confusion

  […] leukoencephalopathy), which may involve axonal damage rather than demyelination. [3] Central nervous system Acute intoxication from inhalation is characterized by rapid onset of CNS symptoms including euphoria, hallucinations, delusions, tinnitus, dizziness, confusion [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Patients who have shown symptoms such as seizures, convulsions, headache or confusion should be followed for permanent nervous system dysfunction with neurobehavioral toxicity testing. [wwwn.cdc.gov]

• Tremor

  Complications of toluene toxicity are listed below: CNS complications Neuropsychosis Cerebellar ataxia Cognitive impairment, dementia Tremors Neuropathies Blindness Deafness Sudden death resulting from cardiac dysrhythmias Respiratory depression, hypoxia [emedicine.medscape.com]

Treatment consists of bronchodilators and respiratory and cardiovascular support. [wwwn.cdc.gov]

Uses at industrial sites This substance is used in the following products: coating products, photo-chemicals, non-metal-surface treatment products, water treatment chemicals and oil and gas exploration or production products. [echa.europa.eu]

Finally, the TDA is subjected to phosgenation, i.e., treatment with phosgene to form TDI. [ipfs.io]

After this treatment, the affected worker(s) should contact her/his/their physician. If TDI is inhaled, the worker should be taken to fresh air and a doctor should be called immediately. Oxygen can be administered by trained personnel. [cwa-union.org]

Prognosis Patients with toluene toxicity have a good prognosis if they receive appropriate counseling and follow-up and are compliant with recommendations. The prognosis is poor in patients who continue to abuse toluene. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Although any of these could be considered the etiology of intestinal obstruction, we could not find any tumors, obvious intestinal adhesions, hernias, inflammatory bowel diseases, volvulus or intussusceptions in clinical and paraclinical evaluations and [theijoem.com]

In women with occupational exposure to toluene in the year of or the year before giving birth to a boy, the odds ratio for the child developing a testicular germ cell tumor was 1.67 (95% confidence index, 1.02-2.73). [7] Etiology Inhalation of airborne [emedicine.medscape.com]

[…] major books: (1) Toxicology of Organophosphate and Carbamate Compounds, (2) Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, (3) Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents, (4) Anticholinesterase Pesticides: Metabolism, Neurotoxicity, and Epidemiology [books.google.com]

Although typically thought of as an activity of young males (most deaths occur in young males), epidemiologic studies more than 20 years ago showed more than 50% of chronic solvent abusers were females in their prime childbearing years. [14] A 2006 study [emedicine.medscape.com]

Public exposure to diisocyanates Despite overwhelming epidemiological evidence of the harms of diisocyanates to workers and bystanders, they continue to be used widely with little regulation. [blogs.edf.org]

Bolognesi, C. et al., «Carcinogenic risk of toluene diisocyanate and 4,4'-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate : epidemiological and experimental evidence.» Critical Reviews in Toxicology. Vol. 31, no. 6, p. 737-772. (2001). ▲46. [csst.qc.ca]

Pathophysiology Toluene is highly lipophilic, so it readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, which accounts for its primary effects on the central nervous system (CNS). [emedicine.medscape.com]

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has several suggestions for workers looking to protect themselves from toxins. They include: Substitution. [mhkattorneys.com]

Several cases of occupational and bystander diisocyanate exposure and consequent detrimental effects are detailed in the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) publication on “ Preventing Asthma and Death from Diisocyanate Exposure .” [blogs.edf.org]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ↑ CNN ↑ Allport, D. C.; Gilbert, D. S.; Outterside, S. M., eds. (2003). MDI and TDI: Safety, Health and the Environment: A Source Book and Practical Guide. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-95812-3. [ipfs.io]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ^ CNN [1] ^ Allport, D. C.; Gilbert, D. S.; Outterside, S. M., eds. (2003). MDI and TDI: Safety, Health and the Environment: A Source Book and Practical Guide. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-95812-3. [en.wikipedia.org]

Where TDI is used and the employer is unable to prevent CWA members from being exposed to harmful levels (even after implementing engineering and administrative controls), the employer must provide the workers with the appropriate personal protective [cwa-union.org]