The acronym TORCH means toxoplasmosis, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex viruses. TORCH syndrome consists of a cluster of similar manifestations caused by these agents which account for most of the perinatal infections associated with serious fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality [1] [2]. Effects of the infections include spontaneous abortions, intrauterine fetal death, fetal growth restriction, congenital fetal anomalies, premature deliveries, and stillbirths [2]. Risk factors for TORCH infection include pregnancy and immunocompromised state [3].

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite which causes toxoplasmosis. Women become infected after consuming contaminated food or water. Following ingestion of the cysts, there is an incubation period ranging from one to three weeks. The infected woman usually does not develop any clinical manifestations but if pregnant, may suffer miscarriages, stillbirth, or may deliver a baby with congenital malformations [4] [5].

Rubella is a viral disease acquired through droplet infection. A pregnant woman, when infected, may have mild symptoms or may be asymptomatic but can transfer the infection vertically to her fetus via the placenta [6]. This can result in congenital anomalies if the infection occurs during the period of fetal organogenesis leading to fetal cardiac defects, cataracts, and hearing loss which together constitute the congenital rubella syndrome [7].

CMV infection is transmitted via direct contact with infected body fluids [8]. The incubation period ranges from one to three months and a pregnant woman can transmit the infection to the fetus transplacentally leading to fetal growth retardation, intracranial calcification with microcephaly, hepatosplenomegaly, chorioretinitis, thrombocytopenic purpura, and anemia [9].

Herpes simplex viral infection can be due to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) or herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2). HSV1 is transmitted by contacts of non-sexual nature while HSV2 is transmitted sexually. A majority of genital herpes infections in pregnancy are asymptomatic but can cause significant fetal morbidity and mortality with spontaneous abortions, premature delivery, and neonatal herpes infection [10] [11] [12] [13].

• Splenomegaly

  Cytomegalic inclusion disease can include hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, paraventricular calcification, and intrauterine growth retardation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Unexplained enlarged placenta Nephrotic syndrome (rare, usually at 2-3 months of age) The above are relatively specific for congenital syphilis, compared with other nonspecific signs of congenital infection: Hepatomegaly +/-splenomegaly (NB splenomegaly [adhb.govt.nz]

  Enlarged liver or spleen (Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly). Low platelet level. leads to hemorrhagic pneumonitis and petechiae. Jaundice due to hemolytic anemia. Cerebral calcification. Micrencephaly. [labpedia.net]

  Although the signs and symptoms may vary among those affected, the most common include: chorio-retinitis, splenomegaly, cerebral calcifications, epilepsy, anemia, febrile episodes, alterations of cerebrospinal fluid, etc. [lifepersona.com]

• Fever

  Rubella is a viral infection characterized by fever, upper respiratory infection, swelling of the lymph nodes, skin rash, and joint pain. [rarediseases.org]

  May include fever, difficulties feeding, small areas of bleeding under the skin (causing the appearance of small reddish or purplish spots), hearing impairment, abnormalities of the eyes, seizures. [accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com]

  Signs and symptoms include fever, feeding difficulties, petechial rash, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, chorioretinitis, and microcephaly. [curofy.com]

• Anemia

  […] age infant (LGA) + Physical maturity + Pathology of prematurity + Gross appearance of premature infant + Difficulties in maintaining homeostasis + Thermoregulation + Hypoglycemia + Hyperbilirubinemia + Fluids and electrolytes + Apnea of prematurity + Anemia [atlases.muni.cz]

  However, there are some common signs and symptoms: generalized growth retardation, fever, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, petechiae, Hydrocephalus, Calcifications, etc. (Díaz Villegas, 2016). [lifepersona.com]

  These may include listlessness (lethargy), fever, difficulties feeding, enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatomegaly), and decreased levels of the oxygen-carrying pigment (hemoglobin) in the blood (anemia). [rarediseases.org]

  […] multiple gestation; fetal, genetic, and chromosomal anomalies (Down's syndrome and Turner's syndrome); infections such as TORCH syndrome (acronym for toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalic disease, and herpes); and various maternal disorders including anemia [typeset.io]

  They include hepatosplenomegaly (enlargement of the liver and spleen), fever, lethargy, difficulty feeding, anemia, petechiae, purpurae, jaundice, and chorioretinitis. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Fatigue

  TORCH viral infections Cytomegalovirus Primary CMV infection is either asymptomatic or causes fever, fatigue, and enlarged lymph nodes. Primary, reactivated, or recurrent CMV infection can occur in pregnancy. [dermnetnz.org]

  […] facial development or mental ability is impaired because the mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy Gulf War syndrome, Persian Gulf illness - a medical condition of uncertain origin that affected many veterans of the 1991 Gulf War; characterized by fatigue [thefreedictionary.com]

  The treatment of cytomegalovirus is done according to the patient’s symptoms, such as fever or fatigue. In the case of Herpes Simplex virus, your doctor might suggest cesarean delivery if active lesions are found. [flo.health]

  Cytomegalovirus: If you have this infection, you will be treated for individual symptoms like fatigue, fever and hepatomegaly. Treatment for neonates with CMV is not very effective. 4. [momjunction.com]

• Pediatric Disease

  Guide to pediatrics. Diseases of the fetus and newborn, congenital metabolic disorders. R.E. Berman, V.K. Vogan (eds). Trans. from English. Moscow: Meditsina, 1987; 504. (in Russ.) 21. Volpe J.J. Neurology of the newborn. Philadelphia: W.B. [ped-perinatology.ru]

• Intravenous Administration

  Supportive treatment consists of warmth, proper oxygenation, intravenous administration of fluids, heparinization in the presence of disseminated intravascular coagulation, and antibiotic administration to treat secondary infection. [healio.com]

• Respiratory Disorders

  837 The Adult Client With An Immune Disorder 867 The Adult Client With A Mental Health Disorder 891 Comprehensive Test 964 The Adult Client With An Endocrine Disorder 550 The Adult Client With A Gastrointestinal Disorder 589 The Adult Client With A Respiratory [books.google.com]

  A group of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or other condition considered abnormal. 2. a. [thefreedictionary.com]

• Failure to Thrive

  R  —  rubella C  —  cytomegalovirus H  —  herpes simplex Clinical signs intrauterine growth retardation or failure to thrive hydrops fetalis jaundice or hepatosplenomegaly skin rash (various) CNS damage: hydrocephalus (CMV, Toxoplamosis) or microcephaly [atlases.muni.cz]

  Generally, symptoms may include: Anemia Irritability Failure to thrive Rashes Developmental and learning disabilities TORCH Infection Diagnosis: TORCH Screen Diagnosis of TORCH infection or another congenital infection is done through a TORCH screen. [nortonchildrens.com]

  In newborns: failure to thrive irritability watery nasal discharge (“sniffles”) rash and lesions early rash: small blisters on palms and soles of feet late rash: copper-colored on palms, soles, and face rash around mouth, genitalia, anus severe pneumonia [childrenshospital.org]

  IUGR; failure to thrive. Investigations FBC, LFTs and syphilis serology on infant blood. Maternal syphilis serology. Infant CSF for VDRL, cells count and differential, protein and glucose concentrations. [adhb.govt.nz]

• Loss of Appetite

  […] of appetite and bloating and weight loss and muscle pain and steatorrhea; associated with celiac disease and sprue and cystic fibrosis nephrosis, nephrotic syndrome - a syndrome characterized by edema and large amounts of protein in the urine and usually [thefreedictionary.com]

• Heart Disease

  Significant clinical signs in congenital toxoplasmosis include diffuse intracerebral calcification, chorioretinitis, and microcephaly; congenital rubella can result in deafness, congenital heart disease, retinopathy, and brain calcification. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Shiwei Liu, Junxiu Liu, Ji Tang, Jiafen Ji, Jingwu Chen and Changyun Liu, Environmental Risk Factors for Congenital Heart Disease in the Shandong Peninsula, China: A Hospital-based Case–Control Study, Journal of Epidemiology, 10.2188/jea.JE20080039, 19 [dx.doi.org]

  […] disorders including anemia, severe chronic asthma, chronic renal disease, heart disease and hypertension. [typeset.io]

• Jaundice

  However, this is less common in Hep B as jaundice occurs due to an immune response against the liver and the immune system in a newborn is not effective enough to damage the liver enough to cause jaundice. [dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr]

  Association of small size, small brain, enlarged liver and spleen, eye anomalies, jaundice, intracranial calcifications, and high intracranial pressure. Blood screening is possible. [accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com]

  Chorioretinitis Third Trimester – often asymptomatic at birth Symptoms may also include fever, IUGR, microcephaly, seizure, hearing loss, maculopapular rash, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and lymphadenopathy Diagnosis Definitive – Isolating organism [pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu]

  Signs and symptoms include fever, feeding difficulties, petechial rash, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, chorioretinitis, and microcephaly. [curofy.com]

• Hepatosplenomegaly

  It is important to consider TORCH infections whenever a neonate presents with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), microcephaly, intracranial calcifications, conjunctivitis, hearing loss, rash, hepatosplenomegaly, or thrombocytopenia. [pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu]

  These may include fever; difficulties feeding; small areas of bleeding under the skin, causing the appearance of small reddish or purplish spots; enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly); yellowish discoloration of the skin, whites of [listeningears.in]

  Diagnosis Association of intrauterine growth retardation, a hepatosplenomegaly, microcephaly, eye anomalies (chorioretinitis), jaundice, intracranial calcifications, and high intracranial pressure. Blood screening is possible. [accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com]

  The acronym TORCH refers to a group of common infections, and is universally used to characterize a clinical status of fetuses or newborns which is compatible with a congenital infection, including rash, hepatosplenomegaly, hydrocephalus or microcephaly [medigraphic.com]

  Signs and symptoms include fever, feeding difficulties, petechial rash, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, chorioretinitis, and microcephaly. [curofy.com]

• Hepatomegaly

  On the contrary, findings resembling congenital infectious diseases including neonatal icterus, hyperbilirubinemia, thrombocytopenia, and hepatomegaly, affect less than half of the patients. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Cytomegalic inclusion disease can include hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, paraventricular calcification, and intrauterine growth retardation. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Jaundice and hepatomegaly reflect liver involvement, while thrombocytopenia and petechiae are hematologic manifestations. [healio.com]

  These may include listlessness (lethargy), fever, difficulties feeding, enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatomegaly), and decreased levels of the oxygen-carrying pigment (hemoglobin) in the blood (anemia). [rarediseases.org]

• Small Head

  Clinical Presentation Some infants with congenital infection, in particular cytomegalovirus present with a small head circumference and infants with toxoplasmosis may have hydrocephalus ( 1 ) All these infections are generalised infections and the infants [link.springer.com]

  head * Heart malformations * Cataracts * Hearing loss * Mental retardation * Hemorrhagic skin spots * Fetal death * Bleeding diathesis Causes - TORCH syndrome CMV has been found in the saliva, urine, semen, breast milk, feces, blood, and vaginal and [checkorphan.org]

  Early on: Seizures & microcephaly ( small head ), developmental delays may present first, characteristic facial features ( e.g., pointed chin) are seen. [healthtap.com]

  In severely affected newborns, associated symptoms and findings may include growth retardation, an abnormally small head (microcephaly), enlargement of the liver and spleen (hepatosplenomegaly), inflammation of the liver (hepatitis), low levels of the [listeningears.in]

  The physical symptoms of Down syndrome vary from person to person, but they commonly include: A flattened facial profile Short neck, with excess skin at the back of the neck Small head, ears, and mouth Decreased muscle tone or loose joints Down syndrome [specialolympics.org]

• Purpura

  Cutaneous manifestations, including petechiae, purpura, jaundice, and dermal erythropoiesis, are commonly seen in toxoplasmosis, rubella, and cytomegalovirus infections. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  They include hepatosplenomegaly (enlargement of the liver and spleen), fever, lethargy, difficulty feeding, anemia, petechiae, purpurae, jaundice, and chorioretinitis. [en.wikipedia.org]

  These diseases often lead to a similar clinical picture which includes one or more of the following clinical signs: low birth weight, prematurity, purpura, jaundice, anemia, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, cerebral calcification, chorioretinitis, cataracts [invitro-test.com]

  Sensorineural hearing loss (∼ 30%) [27] Chorioretinitis (∼ 10%) Nonspecific findings (similar to other TORCH infections) Petechiae, purpura (blueberry muffin rash) Hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice Small for gestational age (SGA) Seizures, lethargy, poor suck [amboss.com]

• Hearing Impairment

  Causes of Hearing Impairment January 24, 2017 The Auditory System and Voice Production January 27, 2017 TORCH syndrome is a cluster of symptoms. [listeningears.in]

  May include fever, difficulties feeding, small areas of bleeding under the skin (causing the appearance of small reddish or purplish spots), hearing impairment, abnormalities of the eyes, seizures. [accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com]

  Hearing impairment, eye problems, mental retardation, autism, and death can be the result of TORCH infections. Discuss TORCH Syndrome in our forums Discuss TORCH Syndrome with other members of Medigest in our forums. [medigest.uk]

  Severely affected newborns and infants may have visual and/or hearing impairment, heart defects, calcium deposits in the brain, and/or other abnormalities. [rarediseases.org]

• Genital Lesions

  PCR is also used to detect HSV from genital lesions in pregnancy. Cultures from infected skin, oral and ocular lesions or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in infected neonates can help to diagnose HSV infection. [symptoma.com]

  The fetus is most apt to become infected by the virus shed from an active genital lesion during vaginal delivery or as the result of vaginal examination or the placement of an intrauterine catheter or a fetal scalp electrode during labor. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  In most cases, the disorder is transmitted to an infant from an infected mother with active genital lesions at the time of delivery. [listeningears.in]

  lesions Kimberlin, DW; Baley, J [deepdyve.com]

• Seizure

  May include fever, difficulties feeding, small areas of bleeding under the skin (causing the appearance of small reddish or purplish spots), hearing impairment, abnormalities of the eyes, seizures. [accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com]

  Conservative management for seizure disorder is the optimal therapy. [go.gale.com]

  Indeed, congenital microcephaly, congenital cerebral calcification, spasticity and seizures are the main clinical features, and have been present in almost all patients reported so far. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  After 6-month follow-up, patient is seizure free with anti-epileptics with almost normal development. [asianjns.org]

• Cerebral Calcification

  Indeed, congenital microcephaly, congenital cerebral calcification, spasticity and seizures are the main clinical features, and have been present in almost all patients reported so far. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Med. 2016 Jun;213(7):1163-74 Pseudo-TORCH syndrome (PTS) is characterized by microcephaly, enlarged ventricles, cerebral calcification, and, occasionally, by systemic features at birth resembling the sequelae of congenital infection but in the absence [research.pasteur.fr]

  These diseases often lead to a similar clinical picture which includes one or more of the following clinical signs: low birth weight, prematurity, purpura, jaundice, anemia, microcephaly, hydrocephaly, cerebral calcification, chorioretinitis, cataracts [invitro-test.com]

  Infants with congenital infection may show other features such as: Poor growth (intrauterine growth retardation) Jaundice Abnormal development of the central nervous system (which may include deafness, cerebral calcifications, impaired neurodevelopment [dermnetnz.org]

• Vertigo

  […] and cataracts and some forms of cancer and other diseases; severe exposure can cause death within hours; "he was suffering from radiation" Ramsay Hunt syndrome - syndrome resulting from infection by the herpes varicella zoster virus; characterized by vertigo [thefreedictionary.com]

• Paresthesia

  […] experienced by a patient and is associated with a particular disease cervical disc syndrome, cervical root syndrome - an abnormal condition resulting from compression of spinal nerve roots in the neck region; involves neck pains and muscular weakness and paresthesia [thefreedictionary.com]

It is difficult to diagnose TORCH infections in pregnant women clinically as patients are often asymptomatic and do not manifest any signs. Serology testing forms the mainstay with the detection of corresponding antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is also used to identify the infection and for subsequent follow-up [3]. An adequate diagnosis may require a laboratory which offers specialized tests as serology is difficult to interpret, especially in CMV infection.

A primary CMV infection can be diagnosed in a pregnant woman by positive CMV IgM, IgG, and low IgG avidity, while more precise methods are composed of PCR testing of urine or serum samples and a rapid virus isolation. PCR is also used to detect HSV from genital lesions in pregnancy. Cultures from infected skin, oral and ocular lesions or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in infected neonates can help to diagnose HSV infection. Rubella can be detected in a pregnant woman with IgM and IgG antibody levels [14]. In ambiguous cases, amniotic fluid PCR and viral culture may be required to confirm the diagnosis.Ultrasonography is indicated to detect fetal complications resulting from these perinatal infections. Findings include fetal growth retardation, cardiac defects, microcephaly and intracranial calcifications in the case of CMV infection.

Ultrasonography is indicated to detect fetal complications resulting from TORCH infections. Findings may include fetal growth retardation, cardiac defects, microcephaly, and intracranial calcifications. A fetal echocardiogram can be performed if cardiac anomalies are detected on ultrasonography. Invasive tests like chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis can also be performed to confirm TORCH syndrome but these tests are associated with a high incidence of fetal morbidity and loss.

Invasive tests like chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis can also be performed to confirm TORCH syndrome but these tests are associated with a significant possibility of complications.

• Toxoplasma Gondii

  A ELISA Toxoplasma gondii purified antigens of Toxoplasma gondii 96 puits EI 2410-9601 G ELISA Toxoplasma gondii purified antigens of Toxoplasma gondii 96 puits EI 2410-9601 M ELISA Toxoplasma gondii incl. [bio-advance.com]

  Infection with any of these agents (i.e., Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex viruses) may cause a constellation of similar symptoms in affected newborns. [rarediseases.org]

  Name Description Kit format No. of tests CE Real Time PCR Only R-P1(RG,iQ,Mx)-CE Toxoplasma gondii-FRT PDF Toxoplasma gondii DNA Real Time amplification kit. [pcrdiagnostics.eu]

  TORCH syndrome consists of infections in a neonate or a fetus due to any of the following: Toxoplasma gondii, rubella virus, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus. [symptoma.com]

  gondii infection: a multicenter study Sensini, A; Pascoli, S; Marchetti, D Spiramycin treatment of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women impairs the production and the avidity maturation of T. gondii-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies Meroni [deepdyve.com]

• Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2

  TORCHThe infection profile includes the identification of the following antibodies: Toxoplasma anti-IgG Anti-Toxoplasma IgM Anti-measles IgG Anti-measles IgM Anti-cytomegalovirus IgG Anti-cytomegalovirus IgM Herpes simplex virus type 2 anti-IgG Herpes [synevo.ge]

  Seroepidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 in the Amerindian Yukpa population of Zulia state, Venezuela. [revistabiomedica.org]

  herpes simplex infection Kimberlin, DW Herpes simplex virus 1 infection: misleading findings in an infant with disseminated disease Capretti, MG; Marsico, C; Lazzarotto, T Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2—United States, 1999–2010 [deepdyve.com]

  New Microbiol 36:307–313 PubMed Google Scholar Bradley H, Markowitz LE, Gibson T et al. (2014) Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2—United States, 1999–2010. [link.springer.com]

Protocols for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of intrauterine infections in newborns. Moscow, 2002; 100. (in Russ.) 7. Karpova A.L., Narogan M.V., Karpov N.Yu. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. [ped-perinatology.ru]

There are two main types of clinical studies: Clinical trials determine if a new test or treatment for a disease is effective and safe by comparing groups receiving different tests/treatments. [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

Treatment - TORCH syndrome Treatment aims to relieve symptoms and prevent complications. In the immunosuppressed patient, CMV may be treated with acyclovir, ganciclovir, valganciclovir, cidofovir and, possibly, foscarnet. [checkorphan.org]

Treatment for localized SEM disease should be for a minimum of 14 days if disseminated and CNS disease have been excluded. [pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu]

Your doctor will further elaborate if your test results are positive and recommend the best treatment. TORCH infections treatment The treatment or management of TORCH diseases differs and is based on the symptoms. [flo.health]

In this review we discuss etiology, epidemiology, clinical, laboratory, radiologic, and pathologic findings, differential diagnosis, therapy, course, and prognosis of each of these congenital infections. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis The prognosis is variable but can be severe with several of the reported patients dying within the first year of life. [orpha.net]

Prognosis Each type of TORCH infection has a different prognosis. The stage of the pregnancy at the time of infection also can change the effect on the newborn. Additional images CMV placentitis1.jpg CMV placentitis. [dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr]

Prognosis Each type of TORCH infection has a different prognosis. The stage of the pregnancy at the time of infection also can change the effect on the newborn. [bionity.com]

Introduction The etiology of extensive intracranial calcification in an infant mainly includes various congenital infections such as those caused by toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes (TORCH) group of organisms acquired during ante-natal [go.gale.com]

In this review we discuss etiology, epidemiology, clinical, laboratory, radiologic, and pathologic findings, differential diagnosis, therapy, course, and prognosis of each of these congenital infections. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The etiology of BA is poorly understood. There is controversy about the etiological role of viruses. The studies have implicated reoviruses, rotaviruses and CMV [7]. [peertechz.com]

Gabriele Halwachs-Baumann, Epidemiology - the influence of socioeconomic differences, Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection, 10.1007/978-3-7091-0208-4_3, (53-73), (2011). [dx.doi.org]

In this review we discuss etiology, epidemiology, clinical, laboratory, radiologic, and pathologic findings, differential diagnosis, therapy, course, and prognosis of each of these congenital infections. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This study intuitively describes the epidemiological characteristics and the disease burden of hospitalized children with congenital TORCH infections. [journals.plos.org]

Pathophysiology TORCH Syndrome refers to infection of a developing fetus or newborn by any of a group of infectious agents. Other agents include: Coxsackie, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), HIV, parvovirus B19, and herpes zoster. [accessanesthesiology.mhmedical.com]

The specific infection may cause additional symptoms.[1] TORCH syndrome may develop before birth, causing stillbirth, in the neonatal period, or later in life.[4] Pathophysiology[edit] TORCH syndrome is caused by in-utero infection with one of the TORCH [en.wikipedia.org]

Pathophysiology TORCH profile includes the following tests: Toxoplasmosis antibody. Rubella antibody. Herpes Simplex. Cytomegalovirus some people include syphilis as well. [labpedia.net]

RUBELLA In 1941, Gregg discovered that maternal rubella during the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with an increased incidence of cataracts, deafness, and congenital heart disease.1 Most of our knowledge of the pathophysiology of congenital [healio.com]

[…] infection with Toxoplasma gondii, cytomegalovirus, or herpes simplex virus (HSV) Distinguishing between infection caused by HSV types 1 and 2, especially in patients with subclinical or unrecognized HSV infection Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology [mayocliniclabs.com]

Protocols for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of intrauterine infections in newborns. Moscow, 2002; 100. (in Russ.) 7. Karpova A.L., Narogan M.V., Karpov N.Yu. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. [ped-perinatology.ru]

[citation needed] Prevention[edit] TORCH syndrome can be prevented by treating an infected pregnant woman, thereby preventing the infection from affecting the fetus.[4] Treatment[edit] The treatment of TORCH syndrome is mainly supportive and depends on [en.wikipedia.org]

Rubella and varicella-zoster can be prevented by vaccinating the mother prior to pregnancy. If the mother has active herpes simplex, delivery by Caesarean section can prevent the newborn from contact, and consequent infection, with this virus. [siemens-healthineers.com]

Many of the viral TORCH infections have no effective treatment, but some, notably rubella and varicella-zoster, can be prevented by vaccinating the mother prior to pregnancy. [dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr]

Treatment of Syphilis in Pregnancy and Prevention of Congenital Syphilis. [amboss.com]

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2. Maruyama Y, Sameshima H, Kamitomo M, et al. Fetal manifestations and poor outcomes of congenital cytomegalovirus infections: possible candidates for intrauterine antiviral treatments. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;33(5):619–623.
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