When children present for reconstructive surgery, a gas induction is usually preferred. [academic.oup.com]

Corrosive materials are present in almost every workplace. Acids, bases (which include caustics or alkalis), and other chemicals may be corrosive. Everyone who works with corrosives must be aware of their hazards and how to work safely with them. [ccohs.ca]

Care of respiration and coma if present. 2. Gastric lavage may be done in early presentation. 3. Symptomatic treatment and dialysis if renal failure occurs. 4. Skin lesions irrigated with water. 42. [slideshare.net]

Breathing: Potential aspiration of caustic gastric/oesophageal contents, thus acute lung injury Hypoxia may be present; supplemental oxygen may be required. [derangedphysiology.com]

Let's understand the risk it presents. [prevor.com]

• Pain

  Contact with the eyes may cause watering, pain, open sores and blindness. Ingesting corrosives can cause pain and inflammation of internal tissue as well as vomiting and diarrhea. [sciencing.com]

  Either circumstance causes severe chest pain, fever, rapid heart rate, rapid breathing, very low blood pressure, and the need for surgery. Peritonitis results in severe abdominal pain when the stomach perforates. [merckmanuals.com]

  Exposure to the respiratory system may range from mild irritation, to inflammation, chest pain, difficulty in breathing, pulmonary edema, and death. Mild exposure to the eyes may cause pain, tearing, and irritation. [www2.bakersfieldcollege.edu]

  AIRWAYS AND LUNGS Breathing difficulty -- from breathing in fumes Throat swelling -- may also cause breathing difficulty EYES, EARS, NOSE, AND THROAT Severe pain in the throat Severe pain or burning in the nose, eyes, ears, lips, or tongue Vision loss [medlineplus.gov]

  The child is symptomatic (e.g. throat pain, drooling, pain on attempting to swallow his own saliva, or has vomiting or abdominal pain). The child is kept NBM and admitted for observation and an endoscopy within 24 hours. [lifeinthefastlane.com]

• Gastric Lavage

  Gastric lavage may cause the esophagus or stomach to perforate. If the trachea has been damaged, tracheostomy may be needed. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Management Gastric lavage. Calcium should be given (Antidote) IV fluids to avoid precipitation of calcium oxalate in renal tubules. 51. [slideshare.net]

  Important things NOT to do include: do not induce vomiting do not administer oral fluids do not administer activated charcoal do not attempt pH neutralisiation do not perform gastric lavage or insert an nasogastric tube (until endoscopy is performed) [lifeinthefastlane.com]

  Gastric lavage and emesis are contraindicated because of the risks of further injury on re-exposure of the oesophagus. [inchem.org]

• Rigor

  Breathing apparatus will only be appropriate where there is a rigorous regime of trained operators, maintenance and face fit testing is in place. [nottingham.ac.uk]

• Stridor

  Dilution should be avoided if patients have nausea, drooling, stridor, or abdominal distention. Esophageal or gastric perforation is treated with antibiotics and surgery (see Acute Perforation of the GI Tract ). [msdmanuals.com]

  Crain et al. (1984) found that the presence of two or more signs or symptoms (vomiting, drooling, stridor) may be a reliable predictor of oesophageal injury. [inchem.org]

  Glottic and subglottic edema are rare and manifest as stridor and dyspnea. 4- Hypotension, tachycardia and changes in mental status signify shock. 5- Sepsis may develop shortly after presentation secondary to bacterial colonization of dead tissue. 6- [slideshare.net]

  Dyspnoea and stridor may be seen early and require urgent intervention. Resuscitation is carried out after general resuscitation principles. [academic.oup.com]

• Dyspnea

  Glottic and subglottic edema are rare and manifest as stridor and dyspnea. 4- Hypotension, tachycardia and changes in mental status signify shock. 5- Sepsis may develop shortly after presentation secondary to bacterial colonization of dead tissue. 6- [slideshare.net]

  Answer and interpretation Complications include: Perforation Esophageal perforation and mediastinitis (chest pain, dyspnea, fever, subcutaneous edema) perforation of the stomach or small intestine resulting in peritonitis septic shock and multiple organ [lifeinthefastlane.com]

• Cough

  Coughing, drooling, an inability to swallow, vomiting, vomiting blood, and shortness of breath may occur. [merckmanuals.com]

  Airway burns may cause coughing, tachypnea, or stridor. Swollen, erythematous tissue may be visible intraorally; however, caustic liquids may cause no intraoral burns despite serious injury farther down the GI tract. [msdmanuals.com]

• Yawning

  By Richard Klasco, M.D Photo Credit Ask Well Photo Credit Why Do We Yawn? Reading about yawning makes people yawn. You are probably yawning right now. By Roni Caryn Rabin Latest Search Latest Articles Search Articles 13844 results for sorted by [nytimes.com]

• Vomiting

  DO NOT INDUCE OR ENCOURAGE VOMITING FOR CORROSIVE POISONS! [psep.cce.cornell.edu]

  Coughing, drooling, an inability to swallow, vomiting, vomiting blood, and shortness of breath may occur. [merckmanuals.com]

  In treating corrosive poisoning, vomiting must not be induced; gastric lavage must not be attempted; and no attempt should be made to neutralize the corrosive substance. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  First Aid - Do not induce vomiting. Dilute the acid immediately by drinking large quantities of water or milk. If vomiting persists, administer fluids repeatedly. Ingested acid must be diluted approximately 100 fold to render harmless to tissues. [water.usgs.gov]

• Abdominal Pain

  […] drooling odynophagia vomiting abdominal pain Upper airway injury is the most important immediate life-threat. [lifeinthefastlane.com]

  STOMACH AND INTESTINES Abdominal pain Bloody stools Burns and possible holes of the esophagus (food pipe) Vomiting, possibly bloody HEART AND BLOOD Collapse Low blood pressure -- develops rapidly Severe change in blood acid level -- leads to organ damage [medlineplus.gov]

  Either circumstance causes severe chest pain, fever, rapid heart rate, rapid breathing, very low blood pressure, and the need for surgery. Peritonitis results in severe abdominal pain when the stomach perforates. [merckmanuals.com]

  Acute complications: These include gastrointestinal haemorrhage and perforation of the gut (mediatinitis and peritonitis as suggested by increasing abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, direct and indirect tenderness and a rigid abdominal wall). [inchem.org]

• Diarrhea

  There may be hematemesis and diarrhea; the stools are watery, mucoid, bloody, and possibly stained with the poison or its products, resulting from its action on the contents of the alimentary tract. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Ingesting corrosives can cause pain and inflammation of internal tissue as well as vomiting and diarrhea. [sciencing.com]

  Ingestion of corrosive chemicals may cause immediate pain and burning in the mouth, throat, and stomach followed by vomiting and diarrhea. Perforation of the esophagus and stomach is possible. [www2.bakersfieldcollege.edu]

  • Abdomen – Alkali:Abdominal pain and Diarrhea ( blood stained mucoid) – Sulphuric acid: constipation “early" due to sever vomiting and nothing pass to intestine and late due to stricture. • Respiratory exposure: strider, dyspnea and pulmonary edema [slideshare.net]

• Nausea

  Esophageal injury and stricture may be a late complication.individual poisons in Symptoms This type of poisoning is marked by intense burning of the mouth, throat, pharynx, and abdomen; abdominal cramping, retching, nausea, and vomiting, and often collapse [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Dilution should be avoided if patients have nausea, drooling, stridor, or abdominal distention. Esophageal or gastric perforation is treated with antibiotics and surgery (see Acute Perforation of the GI Tract ). [msdmanuals.com]

• Abdominal Cramps

  Esophageal injury and stricture may be a late complication.individual poisons in Symptoms This type of poisoning is marked by intense burning of the mouth, throat, pharynx, and abdomen; abdominal cramping, retching, nausea, and vomiting, and often collapse [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Chest Pain

  Either circumstance causes severe chest pain, fever, rapid heart rate, rapid breathing, very low blood pressure, and the need for surgery. Peritonitis results in severe abdominal pain when the stomach perforates. [merckmanuals.com]

  Symptoms of chemical burns on the skin include redness, pain, peeling and blistering. In mucous membranes and breathing passages they cause swelling, inflammation, chest pain and difficulty breathing. [sciencing.com]

  Esophageal perforation may result in mediastinitis, with severe chest pain, tachycardia, fever, tachypnea, and shock. Gastric perforation may result in peritonitis. [msdmanuals.com]

  Exposure to the respiratory system may range from mild irritation, to inflammation, chest pain, difficulty in breathing, pulmonary edema, and death. Mild exposure to the eyes may cause pain, tearing, and irritation. [www2.bakersfieldcollege.edu]

  Answer and interpretation Complications include: Perforation Esophageal perforation and mediastinitis (chest pain, dyspnea, fever, subcutaneous edema) perforation of the stomach or small intestine resulting in peritonitis septic shock and multiple organ [lifeinthefastlane.com]

• Tachycardia

  Esophageal perforation may result in mediastinitis, with severe chest pain, tachycardia, fever, tachypnea, and shock. Gastric perforation may result in peritonitis. [msdmanuals.com]

  Glottic and subglottic edema are rare and manifest as stridor and dyspnea. 4- Hypotension, tachycardia and changes in mental status signify shock. 5- Sepsis may develop shortly after presentation secondary to bacterial colonization of dead tissue. 6- [slideshare.net]

• Blister

  Irritant Not corrosive but will make the skin red or blister. Irritant The dilute solutions of acids and alkalis that you normally use at school would be labelled with the irritant symbol. [bbc.co.uk]

  (full classification) In case of cutaneous or ocular exposure to thioglycolic acid, corneal damage and chemical skin injury with blister formation has occurred. [prevor.com]

  Symptoms of chemical burns on the skin include redness, pain, peeling and blistering. In mucous membranes and breathing passages they cause swelling, inflammation, chest pain and difficulty breathing. [sciencing.com]

  Depending on the severity of the exposure, damage to the skin may range from redness and peeling to severe burns and blistering. Chronic exposure may result in dermatitis. [www2.bakersfieldcollege.edu]

• Blurred Vision

  Early signs and symptoms of a chemical eye burn are: Pain Redness Irritation Tearing Inability to keep the eye open Sensation of something in the eye Swelling of the eyelids Blurred vision Chemical Eye Burn Treatment Self-Care at Home For all chemical [webmd.com]

• Visual Impairment

  It took several months for the corneas and conjunctiva to heal, and some vascularization occurred resulting in mild visual impairment. Experimental animal studies have shown significant eye and skin lesions from direct contact. [prevor.com]

  Chemical injuries to the eye can produce extensive damage to the ocular surface and anterior segment leading to visual impairment and disfigurement. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Index Description General Recommendation - 5 Severe Corrosion Treatment Recommended - 4 Severe Corrosion Treatment Recommended - 3 Moderate Corrosion Treatment Recommended - 2 Moderate Corrosion Treatment May Be Needed -1 Mild Corrosion Treatment May [water-research.net]

Treatment of white phosphorous and other chemical burn injuries at one burn center over a 51 year period. Burns. 2004;30(5):448–52. [link.springer.com]

Treatment Immediate treatment in a hospital is mandatory. It is important to try to discover the chemical substance ingested, and all materials such as food, bottles, jars, or containers should be saved. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Treatment is supportive. Gastric emptying and activated charcoal are contraindicated. Perforation is treated surgically. [msdmanuals.com]

What Is the Prognosis for Chemical Eye Burns? Recovery depends on the type and extent of injury. Every exposure to foreign substances or “chemicals” does not necessarily result in injury. Chemical irritants seldom cause permanent damage. [emedicinehealth.com]

Endoscopy • Early endoscopy in symptomatic ingestions to define problem & prognosis. • Serial endoscopy is useful in following patient's clinical course. » From day 5 to 15 endoscopy should be avoided because during this period of maximal wound softening [slideshare.net]

9.1.1 Ingestion 9.1.2 Inhalation 9.1.3 Skin exposure 9.1.4 Eye contact 9.1.5 Parenteral exposure 9.1.6 Other 9.2 Chronic poisoning 9.2.1 Ingestion 9.2.2 Inhalation 9.2.3 Skin exposure 9.2.4 Eye contact 9.2.5 Parenteral exposure 9.2.6 Other 9.3 Course, prognosis [inchem.org]

If clean water is available at the site of injury and a standard irrigating solution is not, then the eyes should immediately be washed out with water. [14] [15] Medical therapy Patients with mild to moderate injury (Grade I and II) have a good prognosis [eyewiki.aao.org]

Alkali materials are found more commonly in building materials and cleaning agents and occur more frequently than acid injuries. [2] Etiology Chemical injuries occur as a result of acid, alkali, or neutral agents, with alkalis being responsible for 60% [eyewiki.aao.org]

Epidemiology Chemical injuries to the eye represent between 11.5%-22.1% of ocular traumas. [1] About two thirds of these injuries occur in young men and children age 1-2 years are particularly at risk. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Pathophysiology 1. Local mild corrosive effect. 2. [slideshare.net]

Pathophysiological and aetiological considerations Alkali ingestion Alkaline substances are easier to swallow, as it hurts less than acid (they are a more common tool of suicide) Alkaline material mainly damages the oesophagus, as the stomach contains [derangedphysiology.com]

Chemical burns: pathophysiology and treatment. Burns. 2010;36:295–304. CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar 3. Sykes RA, Mani MM, Hiebert JM. Chemical burns: retrospective review. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1986;7:343–7. CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar 4. [link.springer.com]

Common causes of alkali and acid injuries are listed below. [2] [3] Pathophysiology Alkali Alkali agents are lipophilic and therefore penetrate tissues more rapidly than acids. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Pediatrics 71 (5):767-770 Haller JA, Andrews HG, White JJ, Tamer MA and Cleveland WW. (1971) Pathophysiology and management of acute corrosive burns of the esophagus: results of treatment in 285 children. [inchem.org]

Intravenous fluids will be required if esophageal or gastric damage prevents ingestion of liquids. [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Collagenase inhibitors in prevention of ulcers of alkali-burned cornea. Arch. Ophthalmol. 83:352–353. Brown, S.I., Akiya, S., and Weller, C.A. 1969a. [nap.edu]

Carts used for moving chemicals should have a lip to prevent accidents. Reactions. Acids should always be added to water to prevent excessive heat generation and splashing. All corrosives should be mixed slowly. [www2.bakersfieldcollege.edu]

Transportation Hydrochloric acid should never be transported in other than a plastic coated glass container, accurately labeled, and properly stored within the vehicle to prevent shifting, spillage, or breakage. [water.usgs.gov]

The burning sensation of a solid particle sticking to a moist surface (such as the lips) may prevent a person from consuming much of the product. [merckmanuals.com]