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2.1
Toxocara Cati
Feline Roundworm

Images

WIKIDATA, CC BY-SA 4.0

Presentation

Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review Presentation Citation formats One of the most common zoonotic helminth infections is caused by species in the genus Toxocara, particularly Toxocara canis and T. cati [ivh.ku.dk]

The authors of this paper presented a 6-year-old patient who developed an ocular form of toxocariasis. Research frontiers The current report presents a 6-year-old patient who developed an ocular form of toxocariasis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Clinical Presentation The main clinical presentations of toxocariasis are visceral larva migrans (VLM) and ocular larva migrans (OLM), although most infections are asymptomatic. [cdc.gov]

Prognosis is often correlated to presentation and the degree to which sequelae are present. Vision typically ranges from 20/40 to 20/400 depending on these factors. Disease Entity Toxocariasis ICD9 128.0. [eyewiki.aao.org]

If the host ingests immature eggs, it may develop a simple pseudoparasitism, during which the direct passage of eggs along the gastrointestinal tract of the animal is verified, as observed in the present study. [scielo.br]

Entire Body System

  • Turkish

    Turkish Journal of Medical Science, 31(1), 35-39. Aydenizoz-Ozkayhan, M., Yagci, B. B., & Erat, S. (2008). The investigation of Toxocara canis eggs in coats of different dog breeds as a potential transmission route in human toxocariasis. [canada.ca]

    Turkish Journal of Medical Science, 31 (1), 35-39. Aydenizoz-Ozkayhan, M., Yagci, B. B., & Erat, S. (2008). The investigation of Toxocara canis eggs in coats of different dog breeds as a potential transmission route in human toxocariasis. [phac-aspc.gc.ca]

Respiratoric

  • Respiratory Disorders

    Diseases may include cachexia, a pot-bellied appearance, respiratory disorders, diarrhoea, vomiting, among other signs, and these may present as early as 3 weeks of age. [theveterinarynurse.com]

Gastrointestinal

  • Abdominal Pain

    Common gastrointestinal complaints associated with helminth infection include abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea. [amboss.com]

    Adults with CT may have: Breathing difficulties Abdominal pain Weakness Rash Generalised itching In children, CT is associated with: Vomiting Lethargy Behaviour and sleep disorders Coughing and wheezing Limb pain Toxocara species infections can exacerbate [icatcare.org]

    Patients may have pale skin, tiredness, weight loss, anorexia, fever, headache, rash, cough, asthma, chest tightness, increased irritability, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. [ivami.com]

    When to Call the Doctor Call your doctor if your child has any of the symptoms of toxocariasis, including: fever rash cough or wheezing abdominal pain poor appetite vision problems Date reviewed: August 2014 [kidshealth.org]

Skin

  • Sweating

    […] feces are subsequently collected by foraging C. atratus and are fed to their larvae, thus completing the lifecycle of M. neotropicum.[57] Similarly, multiple varieties of nematodes have been found in the abdominal cavities of the primitively social sweat [en.wikipedia.org]

Workup

Microbiology

  • Chlamydia

    Prevalence of Chlamydia, Toxoplasma, Toxocara and ringworm in farm cats in south-west England.Vet. Rec. 1987; 121: 213-216 Baker M.K. et al. A survey of helminths in domestic cats in the Pretoria area of Transvaal, Republic of South Africa. [cell.com]

Treatment

Treatment and prevention Different worming products are available in various formulations for the treatment and control of intestinal worms in cats. [icatcare.org]

Treatment and Control Treatment of gastrointestinal infections with Toxocara cati is relatively straightforward. Anthelmintics such as febantel, pyrantel, selamectin, fenbendazole and milbemycin can be used. [en.wikivet.net]

Treatment with a broad-spectrum anthelmintic will control any cestode infection simultaneously. No treatment available for treatment of quiescent or reactivated larvae in the queen. Control via chemotherapies Fenbendazole Fenbendazole. [vetstream.com]

Prognosis

Pipreazine at a dose rate of 80-100 mg/kg body weight Prognosis The prognosis is good. Long term problems Re-infection is a problem in dogs living in areas in which there is high environmental contamination. [provet.co.uk]

Prognosis Prognosis is typically excellent for those patients without sequelae. These cases are mostly self limited or controlled with medical management. It has been noted that presenting visual acuity is most predictive of final visual acuity. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Prognosis and complications In the ocular form, outcome is variable but uniocular visual loss is not uncommon. In the visceral form, outcome is usually good but marked organ damage and even death can occur in extreme cases. [patient.info]

Etiology

In our case, we describe T. cati 's toxocarosis, albeit with an indirectly proven etiological connection. [pediatric-infectious-disease.imedpub.com]

In human beings, the main etiological agents for this syndrome are either Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati larvae (Schantz 1989). [memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br]

The etiology of visceral larva migrans 1. Diagnostic morphology of infective second-stage Toxocara larvae.J. Parasitol. 1956; 42: 349-362 Petithory J.C. et al. Immunological studies on ocular larva migrans. in: Lewis J.W. Maizels R.M. [cell.com]

The etiology of visceral larva migrans. I. Diagnostic morphology of infective second-stage Toxocara larvae. [degruyter.com]

Epidemiology

Toxocara and toxocariasis: Clinical, Epidemiological and Molecular Perspectives. The British Society for Parasitology with the Institute of Biology, 1993 Smith M.H.D. Beaver P.C. [cell.com]

Role of small mammals in the epidemiology of toxocariasis. [scielo.br]

Oxfordshire, CABI Publishing, pp 211–227 Google Scholar Overgaauw PAM (1997) Aspects of Toxocara epidemiology: toxocarosis in the human. [doi.org]

It is important for the epidemiology of the disease that infected animals emitting eggs have no clinical manifestations. [pediatric-infectious-disease.imedpub.com]

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology The definitive host are cats and dogs. Ingestion with toxocara eggs leads to systemic and ocular infection. After ingestion the eggs matures into larvae and reaches systemic circulation via the gut. [eyewiki.aao.org]

Recently, Storch and colleagues ( 151 ) used clinical, neuroimaging, and serological data in a cross-sectional study of 20 patients suffering chronic VE to explore hypotheses relating to the pathophysiology and cause of chronic VE. [cmr.asm.org]

Prevention

The main form of control is to prevent cats from obtaining infections by preventing access to paratenic hosts such as mice and other rodents and preventing access to eggs by promptly identifying and treating patent infections. [en.wikivet.net]

Several heartworm preventatives also prevent and treat roundworm infections and include Heartgard®, from Merial, and Revolution®, manufactured by Pfizer. [critterology.com]

Improving client awareness is clearly necessary, as cat owners may not be administering preventatives as often as necessary to prevent infection (Pennelegion et al, 2020). [theveterinarynurse.com]

Treatment of ocular toxocariasis is more difficult and usually consists of measures to prevent progressive damage to the eye. How do I prevent toxocariasis? Take your pets to the veterinarian to prevent infection with Toxocara. [cdc.gov]

However, monthly preventatives containing milbemycin, selamectin or moxidectin are effective at killing Toxocara cati. [aavp.org]

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