Current therapeutic management depends on the extent, type, and severity of airway abnormalities noted and the clinical presentation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Impaired Exercise Tolerance

  Precise indications are evolving but may include symptomatic pediatric patients with known risk factors for TBM and patients with otherwise unexplained impaired exercise tolerance; recurrent lower airways infection; and therapy-resistant, irreversible [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  These authors emphasize the importance of assessing for TBM in pediatric patients with a history of impaired exercise tolerance, recurrent lower airways infection, and therapy-resistant, irreversible, and/or atypical asthma (, 13 ). [dx.doi.org]

• Dyspnea

  Patients filled out a Dyspnea Index questionnaire before and after treatment. Ten patients were treated for their tracheobronchomalacia with a mean age of 54 years. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Aspiration

  […] left main bronchus, which is easily replaceable and facilitates sputum aspiration. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Aspiration bronchoscopy was used frequently in the postoperative period ( 16, 25, 30 ). [jtd.amegroups.com]

• Pulmonary Disorder

  Also, the majority of previous studies review TBM in patients with multiple pulmonary disorders. There is marked variability in the incidence of TBM in the literature. [ispub.com]

In this report, we review the treatment of TBM, including preoperative workup, intraoperative anesthesia management, and surgical technique for posterior splinting tracheobronchoplasty. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

With increased awareness of TBM as an independent cause of clinical symptoms and functional impairment, the need for a standard diagnostic workup becomes more important. [rc.rcjournal.com]

As part of their diagnostic workup, all infants had structurally normal hearts on echocardiogram, normal sweat tests, and normal immune function. Gastro-oesophageal reflux was excluded or treated if confirmed. [fn.bmj.com]

Pulmonary function testing is often unhelpful in screening patients during the initial diagnostic workup. [jtd.amegroups.com]

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients who had received treatment in our interventional pulmonology unit were analyzed. We analyzed the techniques used, stent duration, complications, and long-term treatment success retrospectively. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] appropriate treatment is important. [10] Last updated: 3/22/2018 Research helps us better understand diseases and can lead to advances in diagnosis and treatment. [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

In general, the prognosis is good in children with primary TBM who do not have any associated problems. [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

cases with respiratory complications have worse prognosis and poorer response to corticosteroids Severe/Recurrent Tracheobronchitis (see Acute Bronchitis, [[Acute Bronchitis]]) Sulfur Mustard Gas Exposure (se Sulfur Mustard Gas, [[Sulfur Mustard Gas [mdnxs.com]

Treatment and prognosis In most cases, no treatment is required or offered. [radiopaedia.org]

This paper describes our experience standardizing the approach to these complex patients whose backgrounds include different disease etiologies, as well as a variety of comorbid conditions. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Results: Etiology of the tracheobronchial obstruction included primary TBM in 10 cases (25.6%), congenital vascular compression in 14 (35.9%), and postoperative vascular compression in 15 (38.5%). [circ.ahajournals.org]

[…] tracheomalacia Immature Autonomic Nervous System Laryngomalacia Neurologic impairment : occurs in 8 to 48% of infants with tracheomalacia Severe Developmental Delay : occurs in 26% of infants with tracheomalacia Subglottic Stenosis Vocal Cord Paralysis Etiology [mdnxs.com]

This review discusses the physiology, histopathology, epidemiology, and clinical features of TBM; it also describes current methods of diagnosis, available therapies, and postoperative imaging evaluation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epidemiology History : earliest references to tracheomalacia are from the 1930’s-1940’s, describing congenital thoracic vascular abnormalities which resulted in tracheal obstruction Prevalence : acquired tracheobronchomalacia is more common than congenital [mdnxs.com]

This review discusses the physiology, histopathology, epidemiology, and clinical features of TBM; it also describes current methods of diagnosis, available therapies, and postoperative imaging evaluation. * Center for Airway Imaging and the Department [journals.lww.com]

Balali-Mood’s research areas include clinical toxicology of chemical warfare agents, organophosphorous pesticide poisonings, heavy metals, drug abuse and overdosage, epidemiology of poisonings, occupational and environmental toxicology, and natural toxins [books.google.com]

Epidemiology The lack of standardization in the diagnosis of EDAC and its non-distinction from TBM in the past is an obstacle in defining the epidemiology of this disease. [shortnessofbreath.it]

The aetiology, pathophysiology and management are discussed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Without a clearer understanding of the pathophysiology and natural history of this condition we cannot be certain of the feasibility of earlier diagnosis. [fn.bmj.com]

The stenting technique used did not prevent the development of respiratory failure and death in this patient. Hence, a surgical procedure could be considered as an alternative to stenting in such cases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

More severe treatments include silicone stenting to prevent tracheal constriction, surgery to strengthen or attempt to rebuild the walls, continuous positive airway pressure that has a machine blow small amounts of air into the trachea to keep it open [en.wikipedia.org]