Current therapeutic management depends on the extent, type, and severity of airway abnormalities noted and the clinical presentation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Impaired Exercise Tolerance

  Precise indications are evolving but may include symptomatic pediatric patients with known risk factors for TBM and patients with otherwise unexplained impaired exercise tolerance; recurrent lower airways infection; and therapy-resistant, irreversible [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  These authors emphasize the importance of assessing for TBM in pediatric patients with a history of impaired exercise tolerance, recurrent lower airways infection, and therapy-resistant, irreversible, and/or atypical asthma (, 13 ). [doi.org]

• Wound Infection

  Complications included pneumonia (2), RLN palsy (1), wound infection (1) and posterior tracheal wall necrosis (1). One patient developed posterior membrane necrosis after a posterior membrane resection which was managed non-operatively. [meetings.westernthoracic.org]

  […] in 2 (3%), pulmonary embolism in 2 (3%), myocardial infarction and cardiomyopathy in 1 patient (2%), and wound infection in 1 (2%). [jtd.amegroups.com]

• Recurrent Bronchitis

  The pathologic weakening of the airway can produce dynamic outflow obstruction and severe symptoms, such as: cough, dyspnea, and wheezing resistant to corticosteroids and inhaled bronchodilators, stridor, recurrent bronchitis or pneumonia, atelectasis [mrmjournal.biomedcentral.com]

• Dyspnea

  Thirty-three patients (94%) presented with severe dyspnea, 26 patients (74%) with uncontrollable cough, and 18 patients (51%) reported recurrent pulmonary infections. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Case Report A76-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with complaints of cough, dyspnea, night sweats, and weight loss. She reported cough and progressive dyspnea for the preceding 10 years. [karger.com]

• Pulmonary Disorder

  Also, the majority of previous studies review TBM in patients with multiple pulmonary disorders. There is marked variability in the incidence of TBM in the literature. [ispub.com]

• Prolapse

  Stabilization of the trachea and the main bronchi on prolapse of the pars membranacea. Scand J Respir Dis Suppl 1972;80:81-99. Majid A, Guerrero J, Gangadharan S, et al. [jtd.amegroups.com]

In this report, we review the treatment of TBM, including preoperative workup, intraoperative anesthesia management, and surgical technique for posterior splinting tracheobronchoplasty. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

With increased awareness of TBM as an independent cause of clinical symptoms and functional impairment, the need for a standard diagnostic workup becomes more important. [rc.rcjournal.com]

As part of their diagnostic workup, all infants had structurally normal hearts on echocardiogram, normal sweat tests, and normal immune function. Gastro-oesophageal reflux was excluded or treated if confirmed. [fn.bmj.com]

Pulmonary function testing is often unhelpful in screening patients during the initial diagnostic workup. [jtd.amegroups.com]

[…] appropriate treatment is important. [10] Last updated: 3/22/2018 Research helps us better understand diseases and can lead to advances in diagnosis and treatment. [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients who had received treatment in our interventional pulmonology unit were analyzed. We analyzed the techniques used, stent duration, complications, and long-term treatment success retrospectively. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In general, the prognosis is good in children with primary TBM who do not have any associated problems. [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

Treatment and prognosis In most cases, no treatment is required or offered. [radiopaedia.org]

cases with respiratory complications have worse prognosis and poorer response to corticosteroids Severe/Recurrent Tracheobronchitis (see Acute Bronchitis, [[Acute Bronchitis]]) Sulfur Mustard Gas Exposure (se Sulfur Mustard Gas, [[Sulfur Mustard Gas [mdnxs.com]

This paper describes our experience standardizing the approach to these complex patients whose backgrounds include different disease etiologies, as well as a variety of comorbid conditions. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The underlying etiology is one of reduced or abnormal connective tissues in the trachea, particularly the cartilaginous rings. [radiopaedia.org]

Results: Etiology of the tracheobronchial obstruction included primary TBM in 10 cases (25.6%), congenital vascular compression in 14 (35.9%), and postoperative vascular compression in 15 (38.5%). [circ.ahajournals.org]

This review discusses the physiology, histopathology, epidemiology, and clinical features of TBM; it also describes current methods of diagnosis, available therapies, and postoperative imaging evaluation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epidemiology History : earliest references to tracheomalacia are from the 1930’s-1940’s, describing congenital thoracic vascular abnormalities which resulted in tracheal obstruction Prevalence : acquired tracheobronchomalacia is more common than congenital [mdnxs.com]

This review discusses the physiology, histopathology, epidemiology, and clinical features of TBM; it also describes current methods of diagnosis, available therapies, and postoperative imaging evaluation. * Center for Airway Imaging and the Department [journals.lww.com]

Epidemiology The lack of standardization in the diagnosis of EDAC and its non-distinction from TBM in the past is an obstacle in defining the epidemiology of this disease. [shortnessofbreath.it]

Balali-Mood’s research areas include clinical toxicology of chemical warfare agents, organophosphorous pesticide poisonings, heavy metals, drug abuse and overdosage, epidemiology of poisonings, occupational and environmental toxicology, and natural toxins [books.google.com]

[…] of Medicine, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. [email protected] Abstract Tracheobronchomalacia and excessive dynamic airway collapse are morphologic types of expiratory central airway collapse with specific pathophysiology [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

It is often mentioned, incidentally and interchangeably, with tracheobronchomalacia (TBM), but it is pathophysiologically and morphologically distinct from TBM. [shortnessofbreath.it]

Without a clearer understanding of the pathophysiology and natural history of this condition we cannot be certain of the feasibility of earlier diagnosis. [fn.bmj.com]

The stenting technique used did not prevent the development of respiratory failure and death in this patient. Hence, a surgical procedure could be considered as an alternative to stenting in such cases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The mild pressure from CPAP can prevent your airway from collapsing or becoming blocked. The animation below shows how CPAP works to treat sleep apnea. Click the "start" button to play the animation. [web.archive.org]

Abstract Objective: To emphasize the importance of a careful clinical evaluation to prevent unnecessary interventions and treatments. [karger.com]

Tracheobronchomalacia is a rare disease where the cartilage in a child's windpipe is too flaccid, meaning it collapses and prevents them from breathing. [ibtimes.co.uk]