Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy usually becomes symptomatic between 6 and 12 months of age [1] and is characterized by frequent upper respiratory and sometimes other types of infections: gastrointestinal, urinary or invasive [2] [3]. These consist of episodes of otitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, rhinopharyngitis, or, in rare cases, meningitis [4], severe varicella [5] or oral candidiasis. Lower respiratory tract infections are also encountered [5]. Allergic manifestations coexist in about half of the cases [1]: eczema, food allergy or intolerance [6], asthma and allergic rhinitis [7]. Seldom, patients are asymptomatic [8]. Gastrointestinal symptoms include chronic diarrhea and recurrent vomiting. Infections usually become less frequent after the patients turn 3 years old.

Clinical examination reveals normal sized or hypertrophic tonsils, adenoids or lymph nodes. Splenomegaly is present in approximately 25% of patients, more often in those with hyper-IgM syndrome. Lymphoid tissue is hyperplastic in intrinsic B-cell immune defects, which aids clinical differential diagnosis.

• Diarrhea

  Gastrointestinal symptoms include chronic diarrhea and recurrent vomiting. Infections usually become less frequent after the patients turn 3 years old. Clinical examination reveals normal sized or hypertrophic tonsils, adenoids or lymph nodes. [symptoma.com]

  Italian any ethnicity Dutch, other Northern European mostly European mostly European any ethnicity duration of attacks 12-72 hours days to weeks 3-7 days 12-24 hours 2-3 days continuous, with flares abdominal sterile peritonitis, constipation peritonitis, diarrhea [ufrgs.br]

  Gastrointestinal symptoms may include chronic diarrhea, persistent vomiting, food allergy and/or intolerance. Neutropenia (low white blood cells) is not uncommon. [primaryimmune.org]

  Diarrhea, failure to thrive, opportunistic infections, and severe routine infections in a child younger than three months should raise suspicion for SCID. [aafp.org]

  […] infections - pneumonia, osteomyelitis, meningitis, septic arthritis, septicemia Infections needing intravenous antibiotics for response Persistent Infections Infections that last for an unexpectedly long time in spite of suitable therapy - e.g., chronic diarrhea [indianpediatrics.net]

• Chronic Diarrhea

  Gastrointestinal symptoms include chronic diarrhea and recurrent vomiting. Infections usually become less frequent after the patients turn 3 years old. Clinical examination reveals normal sized or hypertrophic tonsils, adenoids or lymph nodes. [symptoma.com]

  Gastrointestinal symptoms may include chronic diarrhea, persistent vomiting, food allergy and/or intolerance. Neutropenia (low white blood cells) is not uncommon. [primaryimmune.org]

  diarrhea or chronic lung disease. [indianpediatrics.net]

• Recurrent Vomiting

  Gastrointestinal symptoms include chronic diarrhea and recurrent vomiting. Infections usually become less frequent after the patients turn 3 years old. Clinical examination reveals normal sized or hypertrophic tonsils, adenoids or lymph nodes. [symptoma.com]

Transient hypergammaglobulinemia of infancy is characterized by certain laboratory hallmarks. Immunoglobulin G is two standard deviations below the mean value on at least two different occasions. Immunoglobulins A and M may also be diminished, but this is not a necessary trait. These abnormalities must resolve during childhood, for the "transient" term to apply. Antibody formation after infection or vaccination (both protein and polysaccharide [9] antigens) is normal [7], but may not persist over time [10]. Others argue that response to polysaccharide antigens may be diminished [11]. In permanent forms of hypogammaglobulinemia, antibody response to vaccine is insufficient.

Cellular immunity is usually not compromised. Memory B lymphocytes and class-switched B cells are normal [12] or decreased [13], while CD4 +CD25 highFoxP3 + T-regulatory (Treg) may be increased. Mitogen response is normal [14]. Immunoglobulin G formation can be impaired [15] or normal [16]. Some authors have also described patients with associated abnormalities, such as transient or permanent neutropenia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. CD3+ and especially CD4+ T cells are often normal but may be decreased, while CD19+ B cell number may be increased. Lymphoproliferative responses are normal in vitro.

Other useful laboratory workup methods include determination of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T-cell percentages using flow cytometry and testing T cell function. This can be done by skin testing for antigens like Candida albicans and tetanus toxoid and by assessing lymphoproliferative responses to mitogens.

Infections may be diagnosed using a complete cell blood count and various imaging methods, like chest or sinus radiography or computed tomography.

Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) are rather common in this group of patients, and generally, antibiotic treatment is the usual choice, although viruses involved in most cases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Review the latest developments in the field and get up-to-date clinical information on hot topics like polyps, capsule endoscopy, and pancreatic treatments. [books.google.com]

Exclusion criteria were age less than 18 years, GBS in the past, pregnancy, breast feeding, immunosuppressive treatment, antacids treatment, use of drugs interfering with the enterohepatic recirculation, suffering from immune mediated disease other than [jnnp.bmj.com]

Treatment of Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy For asymptomatic infants and young children, no treatment is required. Clinical observation and supportive counseling may be all that is required. [primaryimmune.org]

All patients recover after treatment. If there is no recovery, than the patients has CVID. Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy, eMedicine [structure.bmc.lu.se]

Natural History Complications Prognosis Diagnosis Diagnostic Criteria History and Symptoms Physical Examination Laboratory Findings Imaging Findings Other Diagnostic Studies Treatment Medical Therapy Surgery Prevention References [wikidoc.org]

and Complications Prognosis very good typically resolves by 2-6 years Complications Severe pyogenic infections Please rate topic. [medbullets.com]

Abstract IVIG (Intravenous immunoglobulin) have significantly improved the prognosis and the quality of life of immunodeficient patients and are routinely used as substitutive therapy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] distinguish from XLA and CVID by: Normal numbers of B and T lymphocytes Presence of antibodies to diphtheria and tetanus toxoids Presence of antibodies to human blood group types (anti-A and anti-B) in THI Treatment : Antibiotics IVIG not indicated Prognosis [johnsarm.net]

Hypogammaglobulinemia prognosis It is generally hard to oversimplify the prognosis of hypogammaglobulinemia because possibly there are a number of other underlying complications. [hxbenefit.com]

Certain conditions have both an underlying etiology and multiple body system manifestations due to the underlying etiology. [icd10coded.com]

[…] hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy (THI) is the delayed onset of normal immunoglobulins level, usually IgG Pathophysiology normal physiology maternal IgG is slowly catabolized after birth IgG is slowly synthesized in infant IgG reaches physiologic level at 3 - 6 months etiology [medbullets.com]

The infections they suffer are usually self-limiting and presumed to be of viral etiology. More severe infections such as pneumonia or meningitis do occur in normal children, but it would be uncommon for them to suffer recurrent serious infections. [indianpediatrics.net]

It can result in increased infections, but it can also present without symptoms. [3] Historical Perspective Classification Pathophysiology Causes Differentiating Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy from Other Diseases Epidemiology and Demographics [wikidoc.org]

[…] delayed onset of normal immunoglobulins level, usually IgG Pathophysiology normal physiology maternal IgG is slowly catabolized after birth IgG is slowly synthesized in infant IgG reaches physiologic level at 3 - 6 months etiology of THI largely unknown Epidemiology [medbullets.com]

Epidemiology Frequency United States The exact frequency of THI is unknown, although it has been estimated to be 0.061-1.1 cases per 1,000 live births. [8, 9, 10] In a nationwide survey in Japan, THI comprised 18.5% of primary immunodeficiency disorders [emedicine.medscape.com]

BACKGROUND: Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy (THI) is a heterogeneous disorder with poorly understood pathophysiology. OBJECTIVES: To better characterize THI and improve understanding of its pathophysiology. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

It can result in increased infections, but it can also present without symptoms. [3] Historical Perspective Classification Pathophysiology Causes Differentiating Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy from Other Diseases Epidemiology and Demographics [wikidoc.org]

Introduction Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy (THI) is the delayed onset of normal immunoglobulins level, usually IgG Pathophysiology normal physiology maternal IgG is slowly catabolized after birth IgG is slowly synthesized in infant IgG reaches [medbullets.com]

Pathophysiology of THI is unknown. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis Natural History Complications Prognosis Diagnosis Diagnostic Criteria History and Symptoms Physical Examination Laboratory Findings Imaging Findings Other Diagnostic Studies Treatment Medical Therapy Surgery Prevention [wikidoc.org]

However, if infants, particularly those born prematurely, have frequent infections, they may be given antibiotics to prevent more infections from developing. This disorder may last for months to a few years but usually resolves without treatment. [msdmanuals.com]

Associated conditions may have increased risk for atopy allergic rhinitis atopic dermatitis food allergies Treatment Antibiotics as needed in symptomatic patients If severe, IVIG can also be considered in those with poor antibody response to vaccines Prevention [medbullets.com]

1. Whelan MA, Hwan WH, Beausoleil J, et al. Infants presenting with recurrent infections and low immunoglobulins: characteristics and analysis of normalization. J Clin Immunol. 2006;26(1):7-11.
2. Kutukculer N, Gulez N. The outcome of patients with unclassified hypogammaglobulinemia in early childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2009; 20:693.
3. Artac H, Kara R, Gokturk B, et al. Reduced CD19 expression and decreased memory B cell numbers in transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy. Clin Exp Med. 2013; 13:257.
4. Qian JH, Zhu JX, Zhu XD, et al. Clinical features and follow-up of Chinese patients with symptomatic hypogammaglobulinemia in infancy. Chin Med J (Engl). 2009; 122:1877.
5. Dalal I, Reid B, Nisbet-Brown E, et al. The outcome of patients with hypogammaglobulinemia in infancy and early childhood. J Pediatr. 1998; 133:144.
6. Fineman SM, Rosen FS, Geha RS. Transient hypogammaglobulinemia, elevated immunoglobulin E levels, and food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1979; 64:216.
7. Dorsey MJ, Orange JS. Impaired specific antibody response and increased B-cell population in transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2006;97(5):590-595.
8. Tiller TL Jr, Buckley RH. Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy: review of the literature, clinical and immunologic features of 11 new cases, and long-term follow-up. J Pediatr. 1978; 92:347.
9. Kiliç SS, Tezcan I, Sanal O, et al. Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy: clinical and immunologic features of 40 new cases. Pediatr Int. 2000;42:647.
10. Dalal I, Roifman CM. Hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2001;21:129-139.
11. Wolpert J, Knutsen AP. Natural history of selective antibody deficiency to bacterial polysaccharide antigens in children. Pediatr Asthma, Allergy, Immunol. 1998;12:183-191.
12. Kowalczyk D, Mytar B, Zembala M. Cytokine production in transient hypogammaglobulinemia and isolated IgA deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;100:556.
13. Bukowska-Strakova K, Kowalczyk D, Baran J, et al. The B-cell compartment in the peripheral blood of children with different types of primary immunodeficiency. Pediatr Res. 2009;66:28-34.
14. Dressler F, Peter HH, Müller W, et al. Transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy: Five new cases, review of the literature and redefinition. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1989;78:767.
15. Moschese V, Graziani S, Avanzini MA, et al. A prospective study on children with initial diagnosis of transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy: results from the Italian Primary Immunodeficiency Network. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2008;21:343.