Trichinellosis denotes an infection by the tissue nematode Trichinella, with many discovered species [1] [2] [3]. The vast majority of human cases, however, are caused by Trichinella spiralis, which is found in many parts of the world [1] [2] [3] [4]. The pathogenesis of this zoonotic disease starts by the consumption of the parasite through contaminated or undercooked meat products and animals that have been confirmed as the source of T. spiralis - pigs, horses, wild boars, and even dogs in certain geographic areas [1] [2] [4] [5]. The clinical course strongly depends on the quantity of parasite introduced into the organism, with an average incubation period around 1-3 weeks [1] [2]. In milder cases, the presentation may be asymptomatic or consist of few constitutional symptoms - myalgia, low-grade fever, and gastrointestinal discomfort. When a substantial parasitic load has occurred, symptoms in the form of diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, headache, and severe myalgia characterize trichinellosis and appear within days [1] [2] [6]. As the parasite attempts to migrate from the gastrointestinal tract into other tissues several weeks after the initial infection, a prominent immunological reaction develops, inducing a more prominent clinical response - high-grade fever accompanied by chills, swelling, periorbital edema, urticarial rash, conjunctival hemorrhage, and myalgia as a constitutive feature [2] [6]. Furthermore, various complications have been reported, including myocarditis, encephalitis, and thromboembolic disease, which may be life-threatening in the absence of proper therapy [1] [2] [4] [5] [6].

• Fever

  Physicians must be aware of trichinosis and should include it in their differential diagnosis when examining patients with fever and myositis with or without eosinophilia. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Signs and symptoms include abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, headache, coughing, myalgias, arthralgias, and eye swelling. An infection with trichinella. [icd9data.com]

• Hunting

  The wild boar is an important source of trichinellosis for people in European countries as a large number of hunted animals escape veterinary control. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Chills

  We report the case of a 42-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital for fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, myalgia, and general muscle weakness. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Headaches, fevers, chills, cough, eye swelling, aching joints and muscle pains, itchy skin, diarrhea, or constipation follow the first symptoms. [gov.mb.ca]

  Symptoms may include: Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain Fatigue Fever Headaches Fever Chills Cough Swelling in the face and eyes Muscle and joint pains Itchy skin Constipation Difficulty moving Breathing or heart problems Death, in severe cases [gethealthycarsoncity.org]

  Hygiene, Volume 81, Issue 2, Aug 2009, p. 313 - 316 DOI: Abstract Full-Text Figures & Tables References (15) Cited By Supplements Metrics Related Content Abstract We report the case of a 42-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital for fever, chills [ajtmh.org]

• Fatigue

  We report the case of a 42-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital for fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, myalgia, and general muscle weakness. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The first symptoms of trichinellosis occur suddenly, and they include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, fever, and stomach ache. [gov.mb.ca]

  Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, fever, and abdominal discomfort are the first symptoms of trichinellosis. [web.archive.org]

  Symptoms may include: Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain Fatigue Fever Headaches Fever Chills Cough Swelling in the face and eyes Muscle and joint pains Itchy skin Constipation Difficulty moving Breathing or heart problems Death, in severe cases [gethealthycarsoncity.org]

• Rigor

  The evidence that the disease can be monitored and to some extent controlled with a rigorous reporting and testing system in place should be motivation to expand appropriate programs worldwide. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hoarseness

  Myalgia and asthenia lasted more than four months in the Thailand outbreak caused by T pseudospiralis. 35 Gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhoea may also extend into this parenteral phase. 36 Dyspnoea (even ventilatory failure), 44 coughing, and hoarseness [doi.org]

• Diarrhea

  » Diarrhea - Explains diarrhea (loose stool or frequent bowel movements) and includes causes, dehydration prevention and treatment. [web.archive.org]

  Signs and symptoms include abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, headache, coughing, myalgias, arthralgias, and eye swelling. An infection with trichinella. [icd9data.com]

  The first symptoms of trichinellosis occur suddenly, and they include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, fever, and stomach ache. [gov.mb.ca]

• Vomiting

  Source:MedicineNet Nausea and Vomiting - Nausea and vomiting symptoms of many conditions including motion sickness, pregnancy, emotional stress, gallbladder disease, and more. [web.archive.org]

  The symptoms of the disease vary widely depending on the infection load, stage of infection and host immunity and include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, facial edema and muscle pain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Signs and symptoms include abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, headache, coughing, myalgias, arthralgias, and eye swelling. An infection with trichinella. [icd9data.com]

• Nausea

  Source:MedicineNet Nausea and Vomiting - Nausea and vomiting symptoms of many conditions including motion sickness, pregnancy, emotional stress, gallbladder disease, and more. [web.archive.org]

  The symptoms of the disease vary widely depending on the infection load, stage of infection and host immunity and include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, facial edema and muscle pain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Signs and symptoms include abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, headache, coughing, myalgias, arthralgias, and eye swelling. An infection with trichinella. [icd9data.com]

• Abdominal Pain

  Clinically the epidemic has shown a typical, uncomplicated febrile course in most patients, but two patients showed signs of cardiac damage and one intense abdominal pain, suggesting an acute abdomen. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Intestinal invasion can be accompanied by gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting). [web.archive.org]

• Urticaria

  Urticaria (most common) Petechiae Splinter hemorrhages Palmar rash - Peripheral palmar and volar digital edema and erythema; desquamation occurs (10% in one study [Walsh, 2001]) Physical: Fever (71%) Palpebral edema (50-60%) - Usually considered one of [web.archive.org]

  The clinical presentation correlates with the amount of parasite ingested, ranging from asymptomatic and mild constitutional complaints to severe myalgia, urticaria, conjunctival hemorrhage, fever, hypoalbuminemia, and the development of life-threatening [symptoma.com]

  The trichinellotic syndrome is characterised by facial oedema, muscle pain and swelling, weakness, and frequently fever; anorexia, headache, conjunctivitis, and urticaria occur less frequently. 36, 40 Fever, usually remittent, generally begins at two [doi.org]

• Myalgia

  These included fever with chills and myalgia (100%), periorbital oedema (67%), dyspnoea (9%), and dysphagia (3%). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Larval encystment in the muscles causes myalgia and weakness, followed by subsidence of symptoms. [web.archive.org]

  Signs and symptoms include abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, headache, coughing, myalgias, arthralgias, and eye swelling. An infection with trichinella. [icd9data.com]

• Arthralgia

  Signs and symptoms include abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, headache, coughing, myalgias, arthralgias, and eye swelling. An infection with trichinella. [icd9data.com]

  The most commonly observed signs and symptoms were myalgia (89.2%), arthralgia (69.9%) and eyelid (67%) and facial oedema (65.8%). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  40-60%) - Usually only in the acute intestinal proliferative and penetration phases of helminth infestation Facial edema (40-50%) - Usually considered one of the hallmark features, particularly when localized to the eyelids Headache (50-60%) Fatigue Arthralgia [web.archive.org]

• Muscle Weakness

  We report the case of a 42-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital for fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, myalgia, and general muscle weakness. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Symptoms of trichinosis include: Abdominal discomfort, cramping Diarrhea Facial swelling around the eyes Fever Muscle pain (especially muscle pain with breathing, chewing, or using large muscles) Muscle weakness Medicines, such as albendazole, can be [nlm.nih.gov]

  weakness and tenderness - Usually not true neurologic weakness but pain related Neurologic findings consistent with encephalopathy or focal deficits Cardiac findings of myocarditis, pericarditis, or ischemia Causes: Trichinosis is a completely preventable [web.archive.org]

• Muscle Swelling

  swelling and pain, weakness, and in some cases, skin rash and peripheral edema. [orpha.net]

• Periorbital Edema

  We hereby discuss an atypical case of trichinellosis, which presented with myositis of the thigh muscles but had no eosinophilia and no facial or periorbital edema and was associated with osteomyelitis of the femur. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Retinal Hemorrhage

  Vitreous cells and retinal hemorrhage were observed in both eyes. In both cases, inflammation and retinal hemorrhage disappeared one month after first visit. Conclusion：Trichinellosis is one of the causes of uveitis and palpebral edema. [webview.isho.jp]

• Diplopia

  An intense invasion of muscles of the ocular bulb provokes pain when moving the eyeballs, muscle paralysis, diplopia, or a disturbed accommodation ( 29, 36 ). Chronic-stage trichinellosis. [doi.org]

• Facial Edema

  The symptoms of the disease vary widely depending on the infection load, stage of infection and host immunity and include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, facial edema and muscle pain. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Larval migration into muscle tissues (one week after infection) can cause periorbital and facial edema, conjunctivitis, fever, myalgias, splinter hemorrhages, rashes, and peripheral eosinophilia. [web.archive.org]

• Facial Swelling

  Symptoms of trichinosis include: Abdominal discomfort, cramping Diarrhea Facial swelling around the eyes Fever Muscle pain (especially muscle pain with breathing, chewing, or using large muscles) Muscle weakness Medicines, such as albendazole, can be [nlm.nih.gov]

Due to the nonspecific clinical presentation of trichinellosis, the diagnosis might be difficult to attain [1] [2] [4] [5] [6]. For this reason, a thorough patient history is often the crucial component of the workup. Physicians must ask the patients if they consumed undercooked or "suspicious" game meat, pork, or other meat products and determine if the timetable matches the clinical course [2]. A detailed physical examination should not be overlooked, as it may provide further clues toward trichinellosis as the cause of symptoms. But in order to make a definite diagnosis, both laboratory and specific microbiological studies need to be performed. A complete blood count (CBC) will almost always show marked eosinophilia, which is typical for a parasitic infection, whereas very high levels of serum creatine phosphokinase (CBK or CK) are highly indicative of trichinellosis in the presence of myalgia and eosinophilia [1] [2] [6]. Conversely, specific serology testing for the detection of T. spiralis antigens and respective antibodies through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a reliable method that can confirm the presence of this parasite [1]. However, the test may be false-negative in the initial stages of the ailment, as antibodies are not yet formed against the pathogen [1] [3]. Although being highly invasive is not always recommended, a muscle biopsy can sometimes be carried out in order to obtain a viable sample of parasitological testing [1] [6].

• Pericardial Effusion

  Echography can identify pericardial effusion or a transitory intracavitary thrombus ( 2 ). During the acute stage of disease, ocular affection may result from impaired microcirculation. [doi.org]

• Trichinella Spiralis

  Trichinella spiralis may exist subclinically in a variety of human tissues including neck muscles. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  From Wikidata Jump to navigation Jump to search parasitic disease due to invasion by Trichinella spp. trichiniasis Trichinella spp. invasion Trichinella spp. infection trichinellosis Trichinella spiralis infection Triquina edit English trichinosis parasitic [wikidata.org]

• Tissue Nematode

  Tissue nematodes (trichinellosis, dracunculiasis, filariasis, loiasis, and onchocerciasis). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Updated Edition. 8th ed. [nlm.nih.gov]

  Tissue nematodes Trichinella spiralis. In Principles and Practices of Pediatrics 2nd edition. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott; 1994. 1413-14. Moorhead A, Grunenwald PE, Dietz VJ, Schantz PM. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Trichinellosis denotes an infection by the tissue nematode Trichinella, with many discovered species. The vast majority of human cases, however, are caused by Trichinella spiralis, which is found in many parts of the world. [symptoma.com]

  Trichinosis is a disease caused by parasitic roundworms (nematodes) that can infect and damage body tissues. Nematodes are a major division of the helminth family of parasitic worms (for example, Trichinella spiralis ). [medicinenet.com]

1. Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K. Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Trichinellosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22(1):127-145.
2. McIntyre L, Pollock SL, Fyfe M, et al. Trichinellosis from consumption of wild game meat. CMAJ. 2007;176(4):449-451.
3. Wang Z-Q, Shi Y-L, Liu R-D, et al. New insights on serodiagnosis of trichinellosis during window period: early diagnostic antigens from Trichinella spiralis intestinal worms. Infect Dis Poverty. 2017;6:41.
4. Ortega-Pierres MG, Arriaga C, Yépez-Mulia L. Epidemiology of trichinellosis in Mexico, Central and South America. Vet Parasitol. 2000;93(3-4):201-225.
5. Holzbauer SM, Agger WA, Hall RL, et al. Outbreak of Trichinella spiralis infections associated with a wild boar hunted at a game farm in Iowa. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(12):1750-1756.
6. Dupouy-Camet J, Kociecka W, Bruschi F, Bolas-Fernandez F, Pozio E. Opinion on the diagnosis and treatment of human trichinellosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2002;3(8):1117-1130.