Presented at the Consensus Conference on Craniosynostoses, Rome 1995 Google Scholar 28. Posnick JC, Lin KY, Chen P, Armstrong D (1994) Metopic synostosis: quantitative assessment of presenting deformity and surgical results based on CT scans. [doi.org]

A review of 22 patients with Opitz-C syndrome from the literature is presented. Most of the typical facial dysmorphism can be regarded as part of a trigonocephaly "sequence" rather than presenting characteristic features of a syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Angiomatosis

  The cardinal features of Sturge-Weber syndrome are facial cutaneous capillary malformation (port-wine stain), leptomeningeal angiomatosis, and glaucoma. Premature closure of the metopic suture results in trigonocephaly. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Bitot's Spots

  Shawky and Radwa Gamal, C syndrome with skeletal anomalies, mental retardation, eyelid chalazion, Bitot’s spots and agenesis of the corpus callosum in an Egyptian child, Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics, 18, 1, (93), (2017). [doi.org]

• Facial Edema

  Woo, Adverse facial edema associated with off-label use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein–2 in cranial reconstruction for craniosynostosis, Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics, 1, 3, (255), (2008). D. Renier, É. Lajeunie, M. Catala, É. [doi.org]

• Neonatal Hypotonia

  More specific are the intra-oral anomalies, abnormally modelled ears, cardiac anomalies and neonatal hypotonia. All surviving patients are severely retarded. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• X-Ray Abnormal

  Factors contributing to improvement were younger age, relatively higher development quotient, marked digital impressions on skull X-rays, abnormal findings on SPECT, and moderate degree of trigonocephaly. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hyponatremia

  Moritz, James Cray, Lorelei Grunwaldt and Joseph Losee, Postoperative hyponatremia following calvarial vault remodeling in craniosynostosis, Pediatric Anesthesia, 21, 10, (1020-1025), (2011). [doi.org]

CONCLUSIONS: Early detection and treatment of metopic suture synostosis has a significant, favorable influence on the outcomes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Anderson FM (1981) Treatment of coronal and metopic synostosis: 107 cases. Neurosurgery 8:143–149 Google Scholar 2. Anderson FM, Gwinn JL, Todt JC (1962) Trigonocephaly: identity and surgical treatment. J Neurosurg 19:723–730 Google Scholar 3. [doi.org]

Some children with just a ridge or mild metopic synostosis don’t need any medical treatment. For those who do, surgery has proven to be a successful approach. [childrenshospital.org]

The importance of the minor anomalies in its recognition and its good prognosis are emphasized. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis In general, a single operation is all that is necessary to treat this condition and the cosmetic and clinical outcomes are usually excellent especially for otherwise healthy, nonsyndromic infants. [skullbaseinstitute.com]

Prognosis The clinical outcome for patients having undergone surgery is usually satisfactory with a low requirement for additional interventions, especially in the mild forms. Recurrence of a prominent metopic ridge may occur in some rare cases. [orpha.net]

Sinn, Classification, Diagnosis, and Etiology of Craniofacial Deformities, Maxillofacial Surgery, 10.1016/B978-0-7020-6056-4.00059-9, (803-834), (2017). [doi.org]

Etiology The underlying genetic cause of isolated trigonocephaly remains to be delineated. [orpha.net]

However, the concordance rate of isolated trigonocephaly in monozygotic twins is 43%, suggesting that both genetic and environmental factors are involved in the etiology of this disorder. [panafrican-med-journal.com]

Summary Epidemiology Incidence is estimated at 1/15,000 births. Males are more frequently affected than females (sex ratio of 2:1) and the frequency of trigonocephalic twins is unexpectedly high. [orpha.net]

Bartlett, The Changing Epidemiologic Spectrum of Single-Suture Synostoses, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 10.1097/PRS.0b013e31817d548c, 122, 2, (527-533), (2008). [doi.org]

Epidemiology The incidence of metopic synostosis is roughly between 1:700 and 1:15.000 newborns globally (differs per country). [16] [24] Trigonocephaly is seen more in males than females ranging from 2:1 to 6,5:1. [25] [26] [27] [28] Hereditary relations [ipfs.io]

However, because the exact pathophysiology remains unknown, we examined the pathophysiologic mechanisms behind cognitive dysfunction in patients with trigonocephaly, with an aim of providing a model for cognitive dysfunction based on routinely available [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Okkerse, Insight into the Pathophysiologic Mechanisms behind Cognitive Dysfunction in Trigonocephaly, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 10.1097/PRS.0000000000003179, 139, 4, (954e-964e), (2017). David M. Yates and Douglas P. [doi.org]

The possibility of coincidence should not prevent continued surveillance of OTS patients in the future for the occurrence of malignancy. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Conclusion: The early recognition of these anomalies including all craniosynostoses, the deformities of the newborn and infant’s head and the preventive operative reconstruction would prevent abnormal disturbance of the psychomotor development during [degruyter.com]