When presenting in early childhood, alacrima and, possibly, achalasia are the indicative signs; in childhood and adolescence, onset is characterized by achalasia and adrenal insufficiency; while in adulthood, presentation is predominantly neurological [orpha.net]

We highlight the neurologic presentation of this multisystem disorder. In the presence of complex axonal neuropathy, other features of this condition should be sought. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Developmental Delay

  Global developmental delay Psychomotor developmental delay, Psychomotor retardation, Developmental delay, Lack of psychomotor development, Cognitive delay, Delayed intellectual development, Delayed milestones, Psychomotor development deficiency, Developmental [rarediseases.oscar.ncsu.edu]

  We report a 2-8/12 year-old male who presented with symptoms resembling cystic fibrosis (failure to thrive, developmental delay and recurrent diarrhea) and had elevated sweat chloride concentration. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Reported neurological abnormalities included developmental delay, ataxia and polyneuropathy with sensory, motor and autonomic components, long-tract degeneration, parkinsonism and mild dementia. [ajol.info]

  Affected individuals may also have developmental delay, intellectual disability, speech problems, a small head size, muscle weakness, movement problems, peripheral neuropathy, and optic atrophy. [rarediseases.org]

• Short Stature

  Dermatological abnormalities such as palmoplantar hyperkeratosis as well as other signs like short stature, microcephaly and osteoporosis point to the multisystemic character of the disorder. [doi.org]

  Other features such as palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, short stature, facial dysmorphy and osteoporosis may also be present. [uniprot.org]

• Fatigue

  We report a 17-year-old boy presented to the endocrine clinic with delayed puberty and a 4-year's history of fatigue and muscle weakness. He had achalasia, alacrima, and skin and mucosal hyperpigmentation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  This report describes a 7-year-old boy with a 1 year history of fatigue and muscle weakness. Physical examination showed skin and mucosal hyperpigmentation, and hormonal analysis revealed isolated glucocorticoid function. [casereports.bmj.com]

  The patient reported generalized weakness, fatigue, anorexia recurrent fainting attacks, and progressive hyperpigmentation of the skin for 6 months. Regarding his past history. [endocrine-abstracts.org]

  The main features of Addison disease include fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, low blood pressure, and darkening of the skin. The third major feature of triple A syndrome is a reduced or absent ability to secrete tears (alacrima). [encyclopedia.pub]

  This report relates to two sisters, aged 8 and 12 years, who had vomiting, muscle weakness, alacrimia, excessive fatigue and dysphagia... [readbyqxmd.com]

• Fever

  In this case report, we report a 17 year-old boy diagnosed as having Allgrove syndrome with predominant symptoms of achalasia and additional features consisting of short neck, long eye lashes, unexplained fever and chills, reduced visual acuity because [endometabol.com]

• Dyspnea

  500 m with 2 walking sticks and dyspnea 500 m with 2 walking sticks and dyspnea N 100 m with 1 walking stick and dyspnea Slow walk, dyspnea >500 m with falls and dyspnea No walking, dyspnea Visual problem: keratitis + + – – – + + + – + + + + Dysautonomic [eje.bioscientifica.com]

  On physical examination, the child showed fatigue with pigmentation on her lips, hyperpigmentation on the nose and under the right eye, signs of growth failure (weight: 25.5 kg; height: 133 cm), dyspnea with a respiratory rate of 40–45 breaths per minute [jmedicalcasereports.biomedcentral.com]

  Parents referred a regression in motor and relational skills at the age of 14 months, since when the patient showed repeated episodes of dyspnea, vomiting, and abdominal pains with swallowing difficulties. [hindawi.com]

  […] under the age of 15 years.24 Symptoms of achalasia most often include regurgitation, dysphagia, weight loss, and/or failure to thrive.25 Patients with achalasia may additionally present with pulmonary symptoms, including cough, aspiration, hoarseness, dyspnea [dovepress.com]

• Nasal Voice

  Later hyper-nasal voice, dysarthria and intermittently sinus tachycardia were described. MRI of the cerebrum and orbita showed a slightly enlarged optical nerve on the left side. [omicsonline.org]

  She was noted to have a nasal voice as a child. She underwent a Heller’s cardiomyotomy for achalasia of the cardia aged 24. She first presented to the neurology service 10 years later with paraesthesiae in the right arm and hand. [jnnp.bmj.com]

• Vomiting

  They were referred to the gastrointestinal ward during a one year period with complaints of vomiting and dysphagia. The diagnosis of triple-A syndrome was confirmed after careful evaluations for vomiting. No record. No record. No record. No record. [sid.ir]

  Here we present a case of Triple-A syndrome with recurrent vomiting caused by achalasia as first symptom. At the same time, alacrima was diagnosed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Patient 3 A female patient, aged 4 years and 4 months, was admitted to the hospital with a 3-year history of vomiting small amounts following every meal. No obvious causes of the vomiting were identified. [spandidos-publications.com]

• Diarrhea

  We report a 2-8/12 year-old male who presented with symptoms resembling cystic fibrosis (failure to thrive, developmental delay and recurrent diarrhea) and had elevated sweat chloride concentration. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  He was having irregular bowel movement including nocturnal diarrhea for three months along with recurrent postural dizziness on standing from supine position. [annalsofian.org]

  In one Indian published case report [5] a 22-year-old male presented with erectile dysfunction, loss of spontaneous morning erections for six months and nocturnal diarrhea and with recurrent postural dizziness for three months. [webmedcentral.com]

  The first patient was a 6-year-old boy who was admitted to the hospital many times for febrile illness sometimes associated with upper and lower respiratory tract infections, mucopurulent conjunctivitis, bronchospasm, or vomiting and diarrhea. [cags.org.ae]

• Abdominal Pain

  The younger sibling had several episodes of sporadic abdominal pain and vomiting. Their milestones had been normal and they had attained menarche and thelarche normally. [wjgnet.com]

  pain Abdominal distention Kidney inflammation (pyelonephritis) Painful bladder condition (interstitial cystitis) Bladder spasms (spastic/hyperactive bladder) Recurrent urinary tract infections Shrinking bladder Abnormal urine output (slow stream) Urinary [undiagnosed.hms.harvard.edu]

  pains Flat feet Mild concavity of the breastbone In the mosaic form of triple X syndrome, fewer cells have the extra X chromosome, so symptoms and characteristics, when they are present, are more mild. [everydayhealth.com]

  The symptoms included difficulty swallowing, chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. The patient had been presenting to the hospital with similar recurrent symptoms since eight months of age. [cureus.com]

  Parents referred a regression in motor and relational skills at the age of 14 months, since when the patient showed repeated episodes of dyspnea, vomiting, and abdominal pains with swallowing difficulties. [hindawi.com]

• Recurrent Diarrhea

  We report a 2-8/12 year-old male who presented with symptoms resembling cystic fibrosis (failure to thrive, developmental delay and recurrent diarrhea) and had elevated sweat chloride concentration. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Orthostatic Hypotension

  There may also be signs of autonomic dysfunction with AAA, such as pupillary abnormalities, an abnormal reaction to intradermal histamine, abnormal sweating, orthostatic hypotension, and disturbances of the heart rate.Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) is [rareconnect.org]

  Specific autonomic disturbances described in this syndrome include abnormal pupillary reflexes, poor heart rate variability, and orthostatic hypotension. [rarediseases.org]

  hypotension with compensatory tachycardia, muscle weakness, ataxia, parkinsonism, and motor peripheral neuropathy. [genedx.com]

• Xerostomia

  Conclusion We recommend the investigation of salivation in all patients with triple A syndrome and treatment of xerostomia in order to ease swallowing. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  It has also been reported dry mouth as a consequence of xerostomia which leads to carious teeth as it is described in Sjögren syndrome [ 23 ]. [hon.ch]

  Dumic M, Mravak-Stipetic M, Kaic Z, Ille J, Plavsic V, Batinica S, Cvitanovic M: Xerostomia in patients with triple A syndrome – a newly recognised finding. Eur J Pediatr 2000;159:885–888. [doi.org]

  Finally, 3A syndrome is sometimes confused with Sjogren symptom when the presenting symptoms are alacrima and xerostomia (see the section “Oral Health”). [dovepress.com]

• Fissured Tongue

  tongue, mild mental retardation, osteoporosis and, rarely, short stature. [genedx.com]

  Patients 1A 1B 2A 2B 3 4A 4B 5A 5B 6 7 8 9 10 Pyramidal syndrome, hyperreflexia + + + – – + + + + + + + + + Bulbar dysfunction  Nasal speech + + + – – + + + + + + + + +  Fissured tongue + + – – – + – + + – + + + + Peripheral neuropathy + + + – – + + + [eje.bioscientifica.com]

  tongue is characteristic of the syndrome.68 Premature tooth loss has been described. [dovepress.com]

• Dental Caries

  A number of other features have been found to be associated with this syndrome, such as xerostomia, dental caries, hyperkeratosis, gait disturbances and delayed puberty [2, 3]. [degruyter.com]

• Osteoporosis

  Considering ubiquitous ALADIN expression, low BMD/osteoporosis may be a primary phenotypic feature of the disease. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Dermatological abnormalities such as palmoplantar hyperkeratosis as well as other signs like short stature, microcephaly and osteoporosis point to the multisystemic character of the disorder. [doi.org]

  Other features such as palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, short stature, facial dysmorphy and osteoporosis may also be present. [uniprot.org]

• Muscular Atrophy

  We report a 22-year-old female who presented with distal muscular atrophy and weakness in all limbs for two years. Reflexes were symmetrically brisk and electrodiagnostic studies were consistent with upper and lower motor neuron involvement. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Different degrees of muscular atrophy may also be found at the time of diagnosis [ 2, 5, 23 ]. [hon.ch]

  In a series of eight patients from France all showed features of peripheral neuropathy. [3] Other neurological features described in various studies include cognitive deficits, pyramidal syndrome, distal muscular atrophy, hyperreflexia, cerebellar dysfunction [annalsofian.org]

• Severe Osteoporosis

  Later on, at the age of 20 years, a bone age delay of 6 years and severe osteoporosis was diagnosed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Osteopenia

  Reevaluation 5-35 years after introduction of 12 mg/m(2)/day hydrocortisone showed low BMD for age in two children, osteopenia in one, and osteoporosis in six adults. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Anisocoria

  Anisocoria Unequal pupil size, Unequal pupil dilatation, Asymmetry of the pupils, Asymmetric pupil sizes [more] Anisocoria, or unequal pupil size, may represent a benign physiologic variant or a manifestation of disease. [rarediseases.oscar.ncsu.edu]

  The pattern and severity of neurologic and autonomic dysfunction in Triple-A syndrome is quite variable, including hyperreflexia, impaired visual evoked potentials, optic nerve atrophy, anisocoria (unequal pupil size), abnormal sweating, postural (orthostatic [genedx.com]

  Author Sex Adrenal Neurological Associated deficiency abnormalities pathology Allgrove M Glucocorticoid No Hyperkeratosis of the (1978) [2] palms and soles, palm creases M Glucocorticoid No Episodic anisocoria, palm creases F Glucocorticoid No Enlargement [hon.ch]

  People with triple A syndrome often experience abnormal sweating, difficulty regulating blood pressure, unequal pupil size (anisocoria), and other signs and symptoms of autonomic nervous system dysfunction (dysautonomia). [encyclopedia.pub]

• Blurred Vision

  Although severe, many of these symptoms presented in all six young adult patients are often overlooked or neglected: postural hypotension with blurred vision and syncope, hyposalivation resulting with complete edentulosis, talocrular contractures with [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Hyperpigmentation

  It is caused by mutations in AAAS gene which encodes a protein called ALADIN. 8-year-old boy who presented with hypoglycemic seizures, dysphagia, dry eyes and hyperpigmentation. Investigations confirmed achalasia cardia and adrenal insufficiency. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  She had mild, diffuse hyperpigmentation of the skin, and more severe hyperpigmentation in the lips, gums, buccal mucosa, creases of the palms, and elbows. [cags.org.ae]

• Abnormal Sweating

  There may also be signs of autonomic dysfunction with AAA, such as pupillary abnormalities, an abnormal reaction to intradermal histamine, abnormal sweating, orthostatic hypotension, and disturbances of the heart rate.Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) is [rareconnect.org]

  The pattern and severity of neurologic and autonomic dysfunction in Triple-A syndrome is quite variable, including hyperreflexia, impaired visual evoked potentials, optic nerve atrophy, anisocoria (unequal pupil size), abnormal sweating, postural (orthostatic [genedx.com]

  There may also be signs of autonomic dysfunction with AAA, such as pupillary abnormalities, an abnormal reaction to intradermal histamine, abnormal sweating, orthostatic hypotension, and disturbances of the heart rate. [5] Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar [ipfs.io]

  People with triple A syndrome often experience abnormal sweating, difficulty regulating blood pressure, unequal pupil size (anisocoria), and other signs and symptoms of autonomic nervous system dysfunction (dysautonomia). [encyclopedia.pub]

• Hyperhidrosis

  Aged 37 she complained of gait disturbance, posturally induced presyncope, and regional hyperhidrosis and was re-investigated at a neurological centre. [jnnp.bmj.com]

  Hyperhidrosis Profuse sweating, Excessive sweating, Sweating, Increased sweating, Sweating profusely, Diaphoresis [more] Abnormal excessive perspiration (sweating) despite the lack of appropriate stimuli like hot and humid weather. [rarediseases.oscar.ncsu.edu]

• Decreased Sweating

  He had occasional palpitation, gustatory sweating, decreased sweating and tingling, numbness of both distal extremities. He had persistent redness and itching of eyes for the last six months along with decreased tears while crying for two years. [annalsofian.org]

• Palmoplantar Keratosis

  The affected siblings had iron deficiency anemia and the younger sister had pes cavus and palmoplantar keratosis. Neurological symptoms were absent in both affected children. [wjgnet.com]

• Seizure

  CASE This is a 4 year old Caucasian male with severe hypoglycemia associated with seizures refractory to treatment. He presented with past medical history of 1 seizure episode associated with hypoglycemia as well 9 months prior. [epostersonline.com]

  It is caused by mutations in AAAS gene which encodes a protein called ALADIN. 8-year-old boy who presented with hypoglycemic seizures, dysphagia, dry eyes and hyperpigmentation. Investigations confirmed achalasia cardia and adrenal insufficiency. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Symptoms and Signs Most cases present classic symptoms of primary adrenal sufficiency, which includes hypoglycemic seizures and shock. [medigest.uk]

  Case report An 8-year-old boy born to non-consanguineous parents presented to us with generalized tonic clonic seizure that lasted for more than 20 minutes. [indianpediatrics.net]

• Hyperreflexia

  We present a 28 year-old woman with classical systemic features of triple A syndrome with prominent neurological dysfunctions/deficits, including distal muscular atrophy, progressive muscle weakness and wasting of both legs, sensibility dysfunction, hyperreflexia [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The pattern and severity of neurologic and autonomic dysfunction in Triple-A syndrome is quite variable, including hyperreflexia, impaired visual evoked potentials, optic nerve atrophy, anisocoria (unequal pupil size), abnormal sweating, postural (orthostatic [genedx.com]

  Most patients (72.8%) display neurological impairment, most frequently distal muscular weakness, hyperreflexia, nasal speech, and autonomic dysfunction. [abstracts.eurospe.org]

• Babinski Sign

  […] some affected individuals: Abnormality of visual evoked potentials Adrenocorticotropin receptor defect Anisocoria Babinski sign Decreased circulating aldosterone level Decreased circulating cortisol level Dysarthria Dysautonomia Hyperpigmentation of [dovemed.com]

  […] system physiology 0012332 Abnormality of visual evoked potentials 0000649 Adrenocorticotropin receptor defect 0008259 Anisocoria Asymmetric pupil sizes Asymmetry of the pupils Unequal pupil size [ more ] 0009916 Autosomal recessive inheritance 0000007 Babinski [rarediseases.info.nih.gov]

  Physical examination was remarkable for a fissured, dry tongue; palmar and plantar keratosis; +4 upper- and lower-extremity reflexes; 3–4 beats of lower-extremity clonus; a positive Babinski sign; and ataxic responses to tandem gait and finger-to-nose [bmcophthalmol.biomedcentral.com]

  The patient was negative for meningism and positive for the Babinski sign on the right side. No abnormal gait was observed. [spandidos-publications.com]

• Abnormal Gait

  She was born full term with developmental delay and abnormal gait. Esophageal manometry study by pneumatic balloon dilatation revealed the presence of achalasia cardia. [degruyter.com]

  No abnormal gait was observed. The electroencephalograms (EEGs), brain MRI scan and evoked potential and nerve conduction studies showed no specific abnormalities. Esophagography showed achalasia of the lower esophagus at the cardia ( Fig. 1C ). [spandidos-publications.com]

[…] part of the differentials in cases of early neurological dysfunction and developmental delay and assessment of adrenal function should be performed.51,57 Patients with an incomplete triad and early neurologic manifestations often undergo an extensive workup [dovepress.com]

Management and treatment Treatment for Triple A syndrome includes hydrocortisone substitutive therapy, esophageal dilatation or myotomy of the lower esophageal sphincter and artificial tear drops. Management of neurological features is symptomatic. [orpha.net]

Balloon dilatation of the esophago-gastric junction is an effective treatment, which can avoid surgical interventions. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Treatment of I482S fibroblasts with 1 mM BSO for 48 h induced DNA fragmentation, which was inhibited by 1 μM DEC or 5 μM VA treatment. [doi.org]

Prognosis If untreated, triple A syndrome may have a high morbidity and prognosis can be severe. The appropriate management of the disease ameliorates the prognosis significantly. [orpha.net]

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study is to evaluate incidence and etiology of BMD for age/osteoporosis, a possibly overlooked symptom in triple A syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Synopsis fibrosis of the intermuscular plane myenteric ganglia Neuronal NO synthase absent Etiology The triple-A syndrome is caused by mutation in the gene encoding aladin (AAAS) (MIM.605378). [humpath.com]

Summary Epidemiology Prevalence is unknown but less than 100 cases have been published since the first description in 1978. Clinical description The onset of Triple A syndrome varies between infancy and adulthood. [orpha.net]

However, the pathophysiology of achalasia in Allgrove's syndrome remains obscure. Here we investigated the histopathology of the cardia in Allgrove's syndrome. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report 18. Lifting the lid on dry eye practice – part 5: quantity, quality or both? 19. [cdnsciencepub.com]

Pathophysiology Individuals affected by AAA have adrenal insufficiency due to ACTH resistance, alacrima (absence of tear secretion), and achalasia (a failure of a ring of muscle fibers, such as a sphincter, to relax) of the lower esophageal sphincter [wikidoc.org]

Pathophysiology No unifying pathologic features common to the 3 primary sites affected in this syndrome (esophagus, lacrimal glands, adrenal glands) are known. [emedicine.com]

The long-term effect of antioxidant treatment should be evaluated to determine the real benefit for the prevention of the degenerative process in AAAS. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The longterm effect of antioxidant treatment should be evaluated to determine the real benefit for the prevention of the degenerative process in AAAS. [tud.qucosa.de]