Their voiding cystograms, video-recorded cystoscopy and presenting signs were reviewed. RESULTS: Of the 39 boys assessed, a voiding cystogram and presenting signs were available in 36. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Bladder Neck Obstruction

  The index cannot differentiate the site of obstruction as noted by the similar scores among men with BPH from those with bladder neck obstruction and urethral strictures. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Vesicoureteral reflux in the absence of urinary tract infection or bladder neck obstruction often resolves with age. [accessmedicine.mhmedical.com]

  Bladder neck obstruction in women: a real entity. J Urol 1984; 132: 294-298 11） Nitti VW, Tu LM, Gitlin J. Diagnosing bladder outlet obstruction in women. J Urol 1999; 161: 1535-1540 12） Groutz A, Blaivas JG, Chaikin DC. [minds.jcqhc.or.jp]

  For the obstructed bladder neck case, the inlet diameter was reduced to 0.5 mm. All other factors were held constant. [jyi.org]

• Urinary Hesitancy

  hesitancy) Slow, uneven urine flow, at times being unable to urinate Straining to urinate Urinary tract infection Waking up at night to urinate (nocturia) Your health care provider will ask about your symptoms and medical history. [medlineplus.gov]

  hesitancy) Slow, uneven urine flow, at times being unable to urinate Straining to urinate Urinary tract infection Waking up at night to urinate (nocturia) Exams and Tests Your health care provider will ask about your symptoms and medical history. [ufhealth.org]

  Chronic lower tract obstruction Usual signs and symptoms include: Urinary hesitancy. Narrow and weak urine stream. Dribbling at end of micturition. Feeling of incompletely emptied bladder. [patient.info]

• Anuria

  Complete obstruction causes complete anuria. Investigation Renal function will only be severely altered if obstruction affects both kidneys (or a single functioning kidney). Rectal/vaginal examination may reveal enlarged prostate or pelvic tumour. [edrep.org]

  Patients range from having oliguria/anuria to only having asymptomatic hydronephrosis that is incidentally identified through imaging or elevated creatinine levels. [amboss.com]

  Anuria suggests bilateral complete obstruction. Chronic upper tract obstruction Presents with flank or abdominal pain and/or chronic kidney disease. Polyuria may be a feature. [patient.info]

In addition, children with incontinence or urinary tract infection need a workup because they may also have some type of urinary tract obstruction. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Abstract Voiding dysfunction after surgical treatment of stress incontinence may occur as a result of urethral obstruction secondary to hyperelevation of the bladder neck. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

What are the treatment options? The first treatment option is usually a small operation, during which the stricture is cut open with a small knife, operated through the same cystoscope used for visual diagnosis of the stricture. [pnnmedical.com]

Fetal urinary electrolyte and beta2-microglobulin concentrations at 14 weeks' gestation indicated a poor renal prognosis. The pregnancy was therefore terminated. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis Prognosis depends on the degree of dilation of the urinary tract and the degree of renal functional impairment. Outcome is typically good in cases with normal amniotic fluid volume. [orpha.net]

The prognosis is directly proportional to the renal function. [jamanetwork.com]

Once the diagnosis of LUTO is established, the prognosis for survival is then assessed. The baby’s outcomes have been correlated to the kidney function as assessed prior to treatment. There are two methods to determine the prognosis before surgery. [fetalhealthfoundation.org]

The etiology is unclear and the pathogenesis a subject of continuing debate. Clinical and pathologic experience with seven cases of prune-belly syndrome is reviewed. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

In cases of siblings with Prune Belly Syndrome and mosaicism, a genetic etiology has been suggested but the majority of cases are of a sporadic nature. Diagnostic methods Diagnosis is usually antenatal. [orpha.net]

In children, infection is less common an etiology. [emedicine.medscape.com]

References:[7][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][3][25] Complications Hydronephrosis Definition: dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces Etiology Urinary tract obstruction (see “Etiology” above) Vesicoureteral reflux Clinical features May be asymptomatic [amboss.com]

This can be done by either catheterization or surgical intervention depending on the etiology of the obstruction 2. On imaging consider: neurogenic bladder posterior urethral valves [radiopaedia.org]

Greenland S: Modeling and variable selection in epidemiologic analysis. Am J Publ Health 1989;79:340–349. Williams DI, Whitaker RH, Barrat TM, Keeton JE: Urethral valves. Br J Urol 1973;45:200–210. [karger.com]

Summary Epidemiology Annual incidence has been estimated between 1/35,000 and 1/50,000 births and 95% of cases occur in males. [orpha.net]

: Epidemiology of urinary symptoms in the geriatric population. Urol. Clin. North Am., 23(1): 1–10, 1996. Google Scholar | Medline 2. Smith, R., Osterweil, D., Ouslander, J.G. : Perioperative care in the elderly urological patient. Urol. Clin. [journals.sagepub.com]

Trinchieri A: Epidemiology of urolithiasis: an update. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab. 2008, 5 (2): 101-106. 2. Ahmed A, Saeed NM: Experience with the management of urethral stones presenting with urinary retention at Gusau. [bmcurol.biomedcentral.com]

Epidemiology Age Urinary tract obstruction occurs most commonly in the young and the old: In older men, this is a relatively common condition due to prostatic enlargement: Incidence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTs)/BPH averages 15 per 1,000 man-years [patient.info]

Pathophysiology Normal urine production in an adult is about 1.5-2 L/day. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Urinary tract infections in men: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Ann Intern Med 110:138–150, 1989. 8. Wood CA, Abrutyn E. Urinary tract infection in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med 14:267–283, 1998. 9. Nicolle LE. [ekjm.org]

It will not prevent the abdominal wall deformity of the prune belly syndrome. The evidence suggests that to allow maximum time for lung development and to prevent increasing renal dysplasia, drainage should be performed before 18 weeks of gestation. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]