Urethrocele occurs most frequently in African American girls < 10 years of age [1] and postmenopausal Caucasian women. Several etiologies have been postulated for its development such as estrogen deficiency, poor muscle tone or abnormality of muscles in the vicinity of the urethra [2] [3], and treatment of stress urinary incontinence with bulking agents [4]. It has also been reported to occur spontaneously [5] or could be hereditary [6].

Two types of presentations are noticed clinically depending on the age group: prepubertal and postmenopausal. In prepubertal patients, urethrocele is usually asymptomatic and is noticed incidentally. In symptomatic patients, spotting of underclothes and a periurethral mass are the common features with urinary complaints, acute retention of urine [7] and strangulation being rare. Pain in the genital region may be reported if the urethrocele becomes thrombosed.

Postmenopausal patients present with bleeding per vagina and urinary symptoms such as hematuria, dysuria, increased urinary frequency, urinary tract infections and nocturia. Patients may complain of pelvic or genital pain with a feeling something coming out of the vagina with dyspareunia. Symptoms can worsen with coughing or straining. Urethrocele strangulation is more frequently reported amongst postmenopausal women compared to prepubertal patients.

• Mucosal Edema

  Mucosal edema, vascular thrombosis, and inflammatory cells may also be present. Strangulated urethral prolapse appears to be more common in the adult population than in the pediatric population. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Severe Pain

  Patients with strangulated urethral prolapse may report suprapubic tenderness and severe pain during urination. Urethral prolapse is often associated with urinary tract infection. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Pharyngitis

  All MayoClinic.com Topics  Choose most specific and relevant code (need human decision)  Acute pharyngitis instead of URI  See description for more details (inclusions, exclusions) N811 Cystocele Cystocele with urethrocele Prolapse of (anterior) vaginal [wordnik.com]

• Suprapubic Pain

  Patients with strangulated urethral prolapse may present with suprapubic pain, dysuria, hematuria, and urethral bleeding. Attendant urinary tract infection is also possible. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Withdrawn

  Footle Sat 07-Apr-12 08:36:18 Message withdrawn at poster's request. Ben10NeverAgain Sat 07-Apr-12 08:44:51 Morning all Glad you like our new home. Hopefully the title is descriptive enough for any fallen fanjos to find us! [mumsnet.com]

• Neglect

  So, at my 6 week pp, I pointed it out, and had to REMIND her to check it when she had finished the exam since she neglected to even though I told her about it right from the get go. [community.babycenter.com]

• Urinary Stress Incontinence

  Some women find that they have urinary stress incontinence or the inability to empty the bladder completely, which may be an indication of an early cystocele. [incostress1.wordpress.com]

  Urinary stress incontinence - This is a common symptom of a cystocele. Pain that increases during long periods of standing - This may be indicative of an enterocele, vaginal vault prolapse, or prolapsed uterus. [pelvictoner.co.uk]

  Urinary stress incontinence — This is a common symptom of a cystocele. Pain that increases during long periods of standing — This may be indicative of an enterocele, vaginal vault prolapse, or a prolapsed uterus. [nyurological.com]

  This is a urethrocele and the symptom is call urinary stress incontinence (USI). [drjamespurdy.com]

• Dysuria

  Affected women may report dysuria, urinary frequency or urgency, and nocturia. Either microscopic or gross hematuria may be present. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Postmenopausal patients present with bleeding per vagina and urinary symptoms such as hematuria, dysuria, increased urinary frequency, urinary tract infections and nocturia. [symptoma.com]

  Classically, the presenting symptoms are summarized as the "3Ds" 4 : dysuria: 30-70% post-void dribbling: 10-30% dyspareunia: 10-25% Usually, an array of non-specific genitourinary symptoms predominates 1,4 .: frequency/urgency: 40-100% recurrent urinary [radiopaedia.org]

  Although the baby was started on prophylactic antibiotics (amoxicillin) since birth, on the 16th post-natal day, she was admitted to the emergency due to dysuria noticed by her mother. [medcraveonline.com]

• Vulvar Irritation

  As the prolapse becomes more severe, symptoms may include: vaginal or vulvar irritation a feeling of fullness or pressure in the pelvic and vaginal area aching discomfort in the pelvic area urinary problems, such as stress incontinence, being unable to [healthline.com]

• Urethral Disease

  ,, , Source MeSH Child Diverticulum Humans Male Scrotum Treatment Outcome Urethra Urethral Diseases Pub Type(s) Case Reports English Abstract Journal Article Language fre PubMed ID 10352818 TY - JOUR T1 - [Congenital urethrocele in children. [unboundmedicine.com]

  disease Urinary tract disease Keyword (es) Diagnóstico Divertículo Estudio caso Hombre Tratamiento Uretra Aparato urinario patología Uretra patología Vía urinaria patología Classification Pascal 002 Biological and medical sciences / 002B Medical sciences [pascal-francis.inist.fr]

• Overflow Incontinence

  When either of these disorders is severe, urinary retention and overflow incontinence can occur. When sacral nerves are damaged, urge incontinence may also develop. Enteroceles may cause lower back pain. [msdmanuals.com]

Urethrocele is diagnosed after a complete history and a thorough pelvic exam with and without straining or coughing. It can be present concomitantly with a cystocele or uterine prolapse and should be differentiated from inflamed Bartholin and Skene glands. On examination, the urethrocele is seen as a pinkish or reddish ulcerated mucosal mass around the external meatus, protruding [8] through the anterior aspect of the vagina. In prepubertal patients, the mass is located in the middle of the external urethral meatus while in postmenopausal adults, the prolapsed mass protrudes through the meatus. If the urethrocele is thrombosed or strangulated, it may appear bluish in color. Examination of pediatric patients should ideally be performed during voiding or after catheterization of the central opening of the urethra which is visualized in the prolapsed mass. General anesthesia may be required to perform the exam in pediatric patients. Cystourethroscopy is useful to detect the urethrocele in postmenopausal women.

Radiological tests such as a pyelogram and voiding cystourethrogram are usually not required to diagnose the condition. They may be ordered if an underlying malignancy or anatomical abnormality is suspected. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred modality for evaluating a urethrocele [9].

Histologically, the urethrocele mucosa appears edematous, thrombosed with scanty inflammation.

Urethroceles can form after treatment for gynegological cancers. Urethroceles are often caused by childbirth, the movement of the baby through the vagina causing damage to the surrounding tissues. [en.wikipedia.org]

Surgical treatment If nonsurgical treatments aren’t effective or aren’t an option, your doctor may recommend surgery, such as anterior vaginal wall repair, to strengthen the supporting structures. [healthline.com]

Las Palmas prognosis for urethrocele surgery is by large degrees positive. Our patients can expect to return to a lifestyle without the disruptions associated with urethra prolapse. [laspalmasobgyn.com]

PMID: 7901057 Prognosis Garnier S, Maillet O, Cereda B, Ollivier M, Jeandel C, Broussous S, Lopez C, Paris F, Philibert P, Amouroux C, Jeandel C, Coffy A, Gaspari L, Daures JP, Sultan C, Kalfa N BJU Int 2017 Jun;119(6):942-947. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

The prognosis of ureterocoeles are related to the degree of associated reflux or obstruction. [radiopaedia.org]

[…] stenosis Urinary incontinence (extremely rare) Acute urinary retention Vaginal bleeding Recurrence of prolapse Bleeding from the suture line (early complication) Meatal stricture (delayed complication of surgery) Late recurrences (uncommon) Outcome and Prognosis [emedicine.medscape.com]

The prognosis for girls with labial adhesions is excellent. [slideplayer.com]

The chapters are organized by disease and each includes information on etiology, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, the conventional therapy (drug, procedure, etc.), complementary therapy (acupuncture, chiropractic and manipulative therapy, biofeedback [books.google.com]

[from NCI ] Etiology Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017 Nov;217(5):598.e1-598.e11. Epub 2017 Jul 8 doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.07.001. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Several etiologies have been postulated for its development such as estrogen deficiency, poor muscle tone or abnormality of muscles in the vicinity of the urethra, and treatment of stress urinary incontinence with bulking agents. [symptoma.com]

If the etiology for AUR is not found on initial evaluation, patients should be referred to a urologist to evaluate for less common anatomic etiologies (eg, urethral stricture or urethral diverticulum) and/or for possible bladder function testing. [quizlet.com]

It is an epidemiological, observational, multi-center, transversal and comparative study of patients with and without osteoarthritis; carried out by a number of primary care centers in Spain. [bioiberica.com]

Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000;283(15):2008–12. CrossRef PubMed Google Scholar 11. [doi.org]

• Increased daily intake of fiber and fluid to prevent constipation • Discussing the possibilities and risks of estrogen replacement therapy with your physician Back to Pelvic Organ Prolapse [marinpmc.com]

At Las Palmas, we use comprehensive diagnostic tools to locate urethroceles in an effort to prevent them from becoming intensely problematic. [laspalmasobgyn.com]

[…] incredible, inedible, ineffable, inflectional, inflexible, injectable, insensible, intensional, intentional, intestinal, lamentable, licensable, millesimal, obsessional, ostensible, parenchymal, perceptible, perceptual, perfectible, polemical, presentable, preventable [rhymezone.com]

At safe function of a kidney (segment) to an ureterotsela it is excised and the plastic interventions directed to recovery of a passage of urine and prevention of a vesicoureteral reflux are made. [en.medicalmed.de]

To avoid getting this far, prevention is the best method. Kegel exercises should be carried out on a regular basis starting in your early 20’s or even in your late teens. [incostress1.wordpress.com]

1. Trotman MDW, Brewster EM. Prolapse of the urethral mucosa in prepubertal West Indian girls. British Journal of Urology. 1993;72 (4):503–505
2. Lowe FC, Hill GS, Jeffs RD, Brendler CB. Urethral prolapse in children: insights into etiology and management. The Journal of Urology. 1986;135 (1):100–103
3. Ola B, Arowojolu OA. Urethral prolapse in a West African hospital. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics.1999;66 (2):187–188.
4. Ghoniem GM, Khater U. Urethral prolapse after durasphere injection. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction. 2006;17 (3):297–298.
5. Yucetas U, Balaban M, Aktas A, Guc B. Spontaneous postmenopausal urethral prolapse: a case report and review of literature. Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia. 2012;84 (4):214–215.
6. Mitre A, Nahas W, Gilbert A, et al. Urethral prolapse in girls: familial case. J Urol. 1987 Jan;137(1):115.
7. Lai HH, Hurtado EA, Appell RA. Large urethral prolapse formation after calcium hydroxylapatite (Coaptite) injection. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008 Sep;19(9):1315-7.
8. Klein I, Dekel Y, Stein A. Spontaneous Postmenopausal Urethral Prolapse Treated Surgically and Successfully. 2014; 2014: Article ID 695471, 2 pages.
9. Surabhi VR, Menias CO, George V, Siegel CL, Prasad SR. Magnetic resonance imaging of female urethral and periurethral disorders. Radiol Clin North Am. 2013 Nov;51(6):941-53.