Urinary stress incontinence (USI) is the passage of urine done without conscious control especially in the case of increased abdominal pressure. Typically, the urine passed is minimal. The cause behind this condition is poorly understood, although there are a number of factors that put individuals at a greater risk of developing USI. Women are more affected by this condition than men, and some of the risk factors specific to the former include pregnancy, vaginal delivery, and menopause [1] [2] [3]. Risk factors that apply to both men and women include obesity, chronically raised intraabdominal pressure as found in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), urethral injury, pelvic surgery and smoking [4] [5] [6].

USI occurs when there is an abrupt increase in intraabdominal pressure, usually when coughing, laughing, sneezing, lifting heavy objects, or during physical exertion such as sports. Irritative voiding symptoms such as frequency and urgency, are not part of the clinical picture, and if present, may be indicative of an overactive bladder. The additional presence of hematuria may be a sign of bladder cancer.

USI may arise from a defect in the urethral sphincter, or from the urethra itself. If the urethral sphincter is responsible, symptoms are typically more pronounced, exemplified by urine passage during the action of standing up, or continuous dribbling. The features may be similar to those of a fistula, which if suspected, may be investigated.

• Hypertension

  Abstract Urinary incontinence (UI) is more common than any other chronic disease, such as hypertension, depression or diabetes, with the prevalence estimated between 9 and 74%. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The main side effect of the alpha-agonists is hypertension which limits their usefulness in the older patient. Estrogens have been shown to be helpful in urinary incontinence. [urogynsavannah.com]

  Treatments Correct reversible conditions: bladder infection, excessive fluid intake, change medications (minipress used in hypertension may cause stress incontinence), treat chest problems (coughing), constipation, obesity. [urogynaecology.com.au]

  原发性高血压病伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者甲状腺功能的影响因素研究 Influencing Factors for Thyroid Function of Patients With Primary Hypertension Combined With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome 摘要： 目的 分析原发性高血压病伴阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者甲状腺功能的影响因素.方法 选取2012年1月-2015年5月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院高血压科确诊的原发性高血压病患者 [med.wanfangdata.com.cn]

  Alpha-adrenergic agonists should not be given to people with heart problems, hypertension, diabetes, glaucoma, or hyperthyroidism. [everydayhealth.com]

• Urinary Incontinence

  Stress urinary incontinence – accidental leaks when you cough, laugh or sneeze – is the most common form of urinary incontinence in women. [netdoctor.co.uk]

  MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred patients with stress urinary incontinence underwent the TVT procedure as part of an observational study. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  You are here: Urology Textbook > Bladder > Male stress urinary incontinence Definition of Stress Urinary Incontinence The International Continence Society (ICS) defines urinary incontinence as "the complaint of any involuntary loss of urine". [urology-textbook.com]

  […] rndx stress urinary incontinence, genuine stress incontinence, incontinence stress urinary, incontinence stressed urinary, Incontinence;urine;stress, incontinence stress, incontinence urinary stress, urinary stress incontinence, Stress incontinence - [fpnotebook.com]

• Renal Insufficiency

  […] abscess腎［臓］膿瘍 renal anemia腎性貧血 renal biopsy腎生検 renal blood flow腎血流量 renal cell carcinoma腎細胞癌 renal cyst腎のう胞 renal death腎死（腎機能の廃絶） renal dysfunction腎機能障害 renal function腎機能 renal insufficiency腎機能障害 renal plasma flow腎血漿流量 renal replacement therapy　（RRT） [tokyo-med.ac.jp]

  Dose reduction is needed in patients with severe renal impairment. Trospium Anticholinergic effects Immediate-release: 20 mg po bid (20 mg once/day in renal insufficiency) Adverse effects are similar to those of oxybutynin. [merckmanuals.com]

  There is insufficient evidence to judge whether electrical stimulation is better than no treatment; some electrical stimulation protocols may be more effective than others and/or some populations may receive more benefit than others. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The dose is reduced to 20 mg hs in patients with renal insufficiency (ie, creatinine clearance [CrCl] < 30 mL/min). Elderly individuals (ie, > 75 y) may require a similar dose reduction to avoid adverse effects. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Uremia

  […] incontinence腹圧性尿失禁 syphilis梅毒 t testicular cancer精巣癌 testicular torsion精巣（索）捻転 trabeculation肉柱形成、梁状突起、小柱形成 transitional cell carcinoma移行上皮癌 transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P)経尿道的前立腺切除術 tubular尿細管の tubulointerstitial尿細管間質の u urea nitrogen尿素窒素 uremia [tokyo-med.ac.jp]

Physical examination, of the genitals, pelvis, and rectum, and a urinary stress test are routinely done in the investigation of USI. A history of stress symptoms alone is not adequate for diagnosis, nor is it an indication for surgery [7].

There are many studies available for the investigation of urinary incontinence. A combination of a history of stress incontinence, a postvoid residual volume of less than 50 milliliters, a positive cough test and bladder capacity of more than 400 milliliters, has been suggested in the literature, for greater efficiency in the diagnosis of USI. This may be followed by more extensive urinary studies.

Initial investigations involve voiding diaries, pad test, urinalysis, and ultrasound. Further modalities include urodynamic and contrasted radiological studies of the urogenital tract.

Urodynamic studies need not be carried out on every patient, however, they are important if surgical intervention is planned [8]. This is because the former is able to objectively demonstrate the presence of urinary stress incompetence. It is also recommended that the above studies be carried out in patients with prior failed therapy, and if neuropathy is suspected.

Among the urodynamic studies that can be done are post-void urine volume, filling cystometry, and uroflow. More extensive exams include video-urodynamic studies. These tests are important in planning treatment, predicting its outcome and delineating possible reasons for treatment failure.

After 3 months of HCl duloxetine treatment the mean ALPP was 59.1 cm H(2)O, the mean MUCP was 67.3 cm H(2)O and the mean RLPP was 45.1 cm H(2)O. There was a statistically significant correlation among RLPP, MUCP and ALPP before treatment. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

These tests are important in planning treatment, predicting its outcome and delineating possible reasons for treatment failure. [symptoma.com]

The prognosis of this tumor is excellent and no malignant degeneration has been reported. The most common presentations are obstructive voiding symptoms, irritative symptoms, and hematuria. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Good prognosis is associated with young age, good physical health and a BMI within normal limits. [patient.info]

Outlook (Prognosis) Getting better takes time, so try to be patient. Symptoms most often get better with nonsurgical treatments. However, they will not cure stress incontinence. Surgery can cure some people of stress incontinence. [pennmedicine.org]

What Is the Prognosis of Urinary Incontinence? Urinary incontinence is a treatable condition with an excellent prognosis. Medical and surgical treatments for urinary incontinence can have very high cure rates. [emedicinehealth.com]

References:[1][4][5][6] Stress incontinence Summary Epidemiology Etiology Clinical features Diagnostics Differential diagnoses Treatment Conservative treatment Surgical procedures [amboss.com]

The etiology of the incontinence may be iatrogenic, environmental, situational, or disease related. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Increased urethral mobility Intrinsic sphincter dysfunction Loss of urine with physical exertion or increases in intra-abdominal pressure (e.g., sneezing, coughing, laughing) Most common in younger women Second most common type in older women Mixed Mixed etiology [aafp.org]

ETIOLOGY There are several factors believed to cause or promote SUI or lead to decompensation resulting in SUI ( Table 1 ). [glowm.com]

The etiology of the initial surgical failure (intrinsic sphincter dysfunction [ISD], recurrent hypermobility, obstruction, instability) should be understood before undertaking a repair. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Epidemiology References:[1] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. [amboss.com]

No difference in epidemiologic and preoperative urinary functional status (SUI stage, and pollakiuria, nocturia, and urgency rates) was found between the groups. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Design: A cross-sectional epidemiologic survey. [erj.ersjournals.com]

"Diagnostic classification of female urinary incontinence: an epidemiological survey corrected for validity. J Clin Epidemiology. 1995; 48(3): 339-345. [ Links ] 21. McGuire EJ, Woodside JR, Borden TA, Weiss RM. [scielo.org.co]

This article focuses on the pathophysiology of genuine or urodynamic stress incontinence (USI) and its surgical management. Until now more than 200 surgical techniques have been described for the treatment of USI. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Urge incontinence pathophysiology Urge incontinence is involuntary urine loss associated with a feeling of urgency. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Pathophysiology • Urethral hypermobility (80%) Due to descent of the bladder neck and proximal urethra. • Intrinsic Sphincter deficiency (20%) 5. [slideshare.net]

Pathophysiology and management. London: Butterworths, 1985; pp. 112–128 Google Scholar 23. Shafik A. The posterior approach in the treatment of pudendal canal syndrome. Coloproctology 1992; 14:310–315 Google Scholar 24. Warwick R, Williams PL. [link.springer.com]

It normally maintains a tight seal thanks to the sphincter muscle surrounding the urethra, to prevent involuntary loss of urine. [incostress.co.uk]

At times when it's not appropriate to urinate, the brain sends back an inhibitory signal to keep the sphincters closed and prevent voiding. [youtube.com]

Fast twitch muscle fibers are very important to prevent sudden stress situations and prevent loss of control. [medfaxxinc.com]

Can stress urinary incontinence be prevented? Doing kegel exercises may help prevent symptoms. Women who are pregnant may want to do kegels during and after pregnancy to help prevent incontinence. [my.clevelandclinic.org]

CAN STRESS INCONTINENCE BE PREVENTED? Performing Kegel exercises, which were discussed in the treatment section, can help prevent stress incontinence, especially if performed during and after pregnancy and later in life. [medfriendly.com]

1. Kuh D, Cardozo L, Hardy R. Urinary incontinence in middle aged women: childhood enuresis and other lifetime risk factors in a British prospective cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53(8):453–458.
2. Groutz A, Gordon D, Keidar R, et al. Stress urinary incontinence: prevalence among nulliparous compared with primiparous and grand multiparous premenopausal women. Neurourol Urodyn. 1999;18(5):419–425.
3. Foldspang A, Mommsen S, Djurhuus JC. Prevalent urinary incontinence as a correlate of pregnancy, vaginal childbirth, and obstetric techniques. Am J Public Health. 1999;89(2):209–212.
4. Brown JS, Seeley DG, Fong J, Black DM, Ensrud KE, Grady D. Urinary incontinence in older women: Who is at risk? Study of osteoporotic fractures research group. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;87(5 Pt 1):715–721.
5. Magon N, Kalra B, Malik S, Chauhan M. Stress urinary incontinence: What, when, why, and then what? J Midlife Health. 2011;2(2):57-64.
6. Bump RC, McClish DK. Cigarette smoking and urinary incontinence in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167(5):1213–1218.
7. Summitt RL Jr, Stovall TG, Bent AE, Ostergard DR. Urinary incontinence: correlation of history and brief office evaluation with multichannel urodynamic testing. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166(6 Pt 1):1835-40;discussion 1840-1844.
8. Rovner ES, Wein AJ. Treatment Options for Stress Urinary Incontinence. Rev Urol. 2004;6(Suppl 3):S29-S47.