We present a case of atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia and changing axis deviation in a 61-year-old Italian woman with scleroderma. This case focuses attention on changing axis deviation and on the presentation of arrhythmias in scleroderma. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Findings of congestive heart failure may be present depending on the ventricular rate, duration of atrial flutter and other factors. [healio.com]

If the atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter has been present for more than 48 hours, doctors give an anticoagulant, such as warfarin, for 3 to 4 weeks before attempting conversion. [msdmanuals.com]

“Rescue” radiofrequency ablation for atrial tachycardia presenting as cardiomyopathy in pregnancy. Indian Heart J 2004; 56: 245-247 9 Page RL. Treatment of arrhythmias during pregnancy. Am Heart J 1995; 130: 871-876 10 Rakusan K. [thieme-connect.com]

• Unconsciousness

  If the person is unconscious, check for a pulse. If no pulse, begin CPR to help keep blood flowing through the body until an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available. The American Heart Association recommends hands-only CPR. [mayoclinic.org]

  If the person is unconscious, check for a pulse. If no pulse, begin CPR to help maintain blood flow to the organs until an electrical shock (defibrillation) can be given. Push hard and fast on the person’s chest — about 100 compressions a minute. [healthjade.net]

• Falling

  In both VF and VFL the separation of QRS complex from ST segment and T wave is not possible, and is always associated with a fall in or lack or cardiac output, blood pressure and pulse. [link.springer.com]

• Collapse

  If you see someone collapse, seek emergency medical help immediately. Follow these steps: Call 911 or your local emergency number. If the person is unconscious, check for a pulse. [mayoclinic.org]

• Tachycardia

  Signs and symptoms of ventricular tachycardia include: Chest pain Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia) Dizziness Nausea Shortness of breath Loss of consciousness. [healthjade.net]

  Ventricular Fibrillation Ventricular Tachycardia Advanced Reading Online Wiesbauer F, Kühn P. ECG Mastery: Yellow Belt online course – Become an ECG expert. Medmastery Wiesbauer F, Kühn P. [litfl.com]

  Abstract Atrial premature beats are frequently diagnosed during pregnancy, supraventricular tachycardia (atrial tachycardia, AV nodal reentrant tachycardia, circus movement tachycardia) less frequently. [thieme-connect.com]

  Affiliations PMID: 19359055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.03.080 Case Reports Atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia and changing axis deviation associated with scleroderma Salvatore Patanè et al. Int J Cardiol. 2011. [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia characterized by an extremely rapid, hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (150-300 beats/min) with a large oscillating sine-wave appearance. [connects.catalyst.harvard.edu]

• Heart Block

  Maternal complete heart block in pregnancy: analysis of four cases and review of management. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2009; 35: 434-437 12 Trappe HJ. Differenzialdiagnostik und Therapie tachykarder Herzrhythmusstörungen. [thieme-connect.com]

Treatment options can include: Medications. Doctors use various anti-arrhythmic drugs for emergency or long-term treatment of ventricular flutter. [healthjade.net]

Otherwise healthy people who had only one episode of atrial fibrillation that converted to normal rhythm (spontaneously or with treatment) need anticoagulant treatment for only 4 weeks. [msdmanuals.com]

Catheter ablation is usually considered the best treatment for atrial flutter, whereas medication is often the first treatment for atrial fibrillation. [bhf.org.uk]

If it persists, your doctor may pursue any of the following treatments: Treatment of any underlying conditions Catheter ablation — procedure to destroy the errant electrical pathways; performed together with an electrophysiological study Cardioversion [hopkinsmedicine.org]

The risk of other long-term complications depends on how fast treatment is received. Oct. 28, 2022 [mayoclinic.org]

"Long-term prognosis of inducible ventricular flutter: not an innocent finding". Am. Heart J. 147 (4): 649–54. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2003.11.012. PMID 15077080. ↑ Viskin S, Ish-Shalom M, Koifman E; et al. (2003). [wikidoc.org]

Etiology – Atrial Flutter The etiology of atrial flutter is similar to that of atrial fibrillation. Identifying the etiology of cannot be under-emphasized, as treating the cause is frequently necessary to eliminate recurrences of atrial flutter. [healio.com]

Pathophysiology – Atrial Flutter Atrial flutter can described as “typical” (a.k.a. type I) or “atypical” (a.k.a. type II) based on the anatomic location that it originates. [healio.com]

Scleroderma–pathophysiology. Eur J Dermatol. Jan–Feb 2009; 19 (): 14-24 Champion HC. The heart in scleroderma.Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2008 Feb;34(1):181–90; viii. Review. Patanè S. Marte F. Mancuso A. [internationaljournalofcardiology.com]

Ventricular flutter treatment Emergency treatments for ventricular flutter focus on restoring blood flow through your body as quickly as possible to prevent damage to your brain and other organs. [healthjade.net]

Before restoring normal rhythm, because there is a risk that a blood clot will break off and cause a stroke during conversion, measures must be taken to prevent blood clots. [msdmanuals.com]

Rapid contractions prevent the chambers from filling completely between beats. The ventricles (lower chambers) also beat faster, though not usually quite as fast. The rate is based on the ratio of atrial beats to ventricular beats. [hopkinsmedicine.org]

Either condition may require medications to prevent your heart rate becoming too rapid. Catheter ablation is usually considered the best treatment for atrial flutter, whereas medication is often the first treatment for atrial fibrillation. [bhf.org.uk]

During ventricular flutter the ventricles depolarize in a circular pattern, which prevents good function. Most often this results in a minimal cardiac output and subsequent ischemia. Often deteriorates into Ventricular Fibrillation. [wikidoc.org]