Moyamoya vessels were also present. He received bilateral encephalo-duro-arterio-myo-synangiosis with good results. Moyamoya disease may cause hemorrhage even at an early stage. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Clinical presentation of intraventricular hemorrhage (regardless of cause) is similar to that of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Patients experience sudden onset of severe headache 2. [radiopaedia.org]

present during the rewarming period. [bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com]

• Sepsis

  The etiopathogenesis of intracranial venous thrombosis in the neonate is diverse: asphyxia, dehydration, polycythemia, sepsis-meningitis and difficult delivery are the main causes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Sepsis. Hypotension. Hypovolaemia. Hypertension. Altered cerebral blood flow. Presentation Symptoms Most cases present by the third day of life. However, much less commonly there is delayed haemorrhage occurring after the first week. [patient.info]

  This increased risk of IVH is perhaps due to coagulopathies commonly seen with sepsis. [16] The use of appropriate antibiotics and fresh plasma transfusion in preterm low birth weight babies will, therefore, not only manage sepsis, but also will reduce [atmph.org]

  A univariate analysis was also undertaken to define the relative strengths of the contributory factors, which revealed that coexistent sepsis. [surgicalneurologyint.com]

• Pain

  Painful stimuli caused flexion withdrawal. A CT scan was repeated. Massive fourth ventricle hemorrhage with an anteroposteior diameter of 2.2 cm causing hemorrhagic dilation of the fourth ventricle was shown on the CT (Figures 1a and b). [ispub.com]

  She had fixed, non-reactive pupils at 3 mm; absent corneal, oculocephalic, cough, and gag reflexes; no spontaneous breaths; and slight flexion to painful stimuli in the upper extremities. [journal.frontiersin.org]

  His GCS on admission was 7 with normal flexion to pain for motor response. CT brain showed left basal ganglia ICB with IVH and hydrocephalus [Figure 3] a. He underwent standard endoscopic washout and ETV. [asianjns.org]

• Congestive Heart Failure

  Case Presentation A 56-year-old woman with a history of atrial fibrillation, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and mechanical mitral valve repair following rheumatic heart disease on warfarin was transferred to our hospital after being found unresponsive [journal.frontiersin.org]

• Respiratory Distress

  The saltatory pattern, present in 36% of cases, was associated with progressive neurologic deterioration, abnormal posture and eye movements, and respiratory distress. [medichub.ro]

  It is most common in premature babies, especially those who have experienced respiratory distress syndrome, collapsed lung, or high blood pressure. [cerebralpalsy.org]

  distress syndrome (Medical Encyclopedia) Neonatal sepsis (Medical Encyclopedia) Neutropenia - infants (Medical Encyclopedia) [ Read More ] [icdlist.com]

• Aspiration

  INTRODUCTION: The Apollo system (Penumbra Inc, Alameda, California, USA) is a low profile irrigation-aspiration system designed for the evacuation of intracranial hemorrhage. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Multiple target aspiration technique for subacute stereotactic aspiration of hematomas within the basal ganglia. Surg Neurol 2003 ; 60 (1): 8 –13. 27. Tzaan WC, Lee ST, Lui TN. [cambridge.org]

  The hematomas were removed by using hand-controlled suction, aspirated via the center working channel. [asianjns.org]

• Failure to Thrive

  Brief resolved unexplained event -- BRUE (Medical Encyclopedia) Crying - excessive (0-6 months) (Medical Encyclopedia) Failure to thrive (Medical Encyclopedia) Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn (Medical Encyclopedia) Hyperglycemia - infants (Medical [icdlist.com]

• Jaundice

  The hospital which admit neonates from within the hospital and from outside provides both lying-in-care and special neonatal care services such as care for babies with perinatal asphyxia, sepsis, preterm/low birth weight, bleeding disorders and jaundice [atmph.org]

• Hypotension

  The incidence of hypotension was 51 % in the Cochrane database review [ 16 ] versus 56 and 67 % in our population of newborns. [bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com]

  MRI is increasingly used to assess brain injury and its consequences on brain development. [ 6 ] Management This is initially mainly supportive and may include the correction of anaemia, acidosis and hypotension. [patient.info]

  Premature birth: Less than 34 weeks gestation, respiratory failure, requiring intubation/mechanical ventilation -Low apgars -Asphyxia -Low birth weight -Hypotension/hypertention -Low hematocrit -Rapid infusions of hyperosmolar solutions -Rapid fluid [quizlet.com]

  Hypotension, hypothermia, metabolic acidosis, thrombocytopenia. [lecturio.com]

• Thrombosis

  The etiopathogenesis of intracranial venous thrombosis in the neonate is diverse: asphyxia, dehydration, polycythemia, sepsis-meningitis and difficult delivery are the main causes. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  None presented evidence of sinus venous thrombosis. [bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com]

  […] and possible vascular “steal” from adjacent parenchyma), associated aneurysms, presence/age of hemorrhage, description of the nidus (location, size, and flow characteristics), venous drainage of the AVM and surrounding normal brain (presence of venous thrombosis [appliedradiology.com]

  Second, a rapidly growing meningioma or internal necrosis after venous thrombosis may lead to hemorrhage [ 17 ]. [medsci.org]

  Pubmed 【ISTH出血基準（International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis）】 ［文献］Schulman S; Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. [att.ebm-library.jp]

• Heart Failure

  Case Presentation A 56-year-old woman with a history of atrial fibrillation, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and mechanical mitral valve repair following rheumatic heart disease on warfarin was transferred to our hospital after being found unresponsive [journal.frontiersin.org]

• Prolapse

  Errors & Delays Fetal Monitoring Errors Forceps & Vacuum Extractors Periventricular Leukomalacia (PVL) Placental Abruption Premature Birth Prolonged & Arrested Labor Seizures Umbilical Cord Complications Nuchal Cord Short Umbilical Cord True Knot Cord Prolapse [abclawcenters.com]

• Contusion

  Many times there are additional injuries to the brain such as brain contusions or subarachnoid hemorrhage (bleeding in the area between the two membranes surrounding the brain, the arachnoid membrane and the pia matter). [ic.steadyhealth.com]

  Associated conditions [ edit ] Brain contusions and subarachnoid hemorrhages are commonly associated with IVH. [7] The bleeding can involve the anterior communicating artery or the posterior communicating artery. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Stupor

  The third patient with a left thalamic and basal ganglia hemorrhage, who was initially awake and then lapsed into stupor days later, underwent surgery, but did not recover consciousness. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  There is a change in level of alertness (either stupor or an irritable, hyperalert state). A clue to the occurrence of IVH may be a falling hematocrit or failure of the hematocrit to rise after transfusion. [utmb.edu]

  Infants with severe intraventricular hemorrhage might develop metabolic or respiratory acidosis, apnea, hypotonia and stupor. The newborn might go into a coma. [lecturio.com]

  Symptoms can include: Abnormal sense of taste Change in alertness (level of consciousness) Apathetic, withdrawn Sleepy, lethargic, stuporous Unconscious, comatose Difficulty speaking or understanding speech Difficulty swallowing Difficulty writing or [snc.md]

• Apathy

  An infant was considered abnormal when one or more of the following neurologic syndromes were present: hyper- or hypokinesia, hyper- or hypotonia, hemisyndrome, apathy syndrome, and hyperexcitability syndrome. [clinchem.aaccjnls.org]

Diagnostic Workup for Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Premature Newborns Laboratory investigations are rarely useful in infants with intraventricular hemorrhage unless the hemorrhage is severe enough to cause metabolic acidosis or respiratory acidosis. [lecturio.com]

These results underscore the need of cerebral angiography and workup for coagulopathies in patients with PIVH. No definite cause was identified in seven (47%) patients and PIVH was assumed to be secondary to hypertension in 6 of these. [jpma.org.pk]

Author Contributions CS, CG, CL, EG, AK, CM, and DH were involved with the workup and clinical care of the patient. [journal.frontiersin.org]

• Hyperglycemia

  Brief resolved unexplained event -- BRUE (Medical Encyclopedia) Crying - excessive (0-6 months) (Medical Encyclopedia) Failure to thrive (Medical Encyclopedia) Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn (Medical Encyclopedia) Hyperglycemia - infants (Medical [icdlist.com]

  Williams LS, Rotich J, Qi R, Fineberg N, Espay A, Bruno A, Fineberg SE, Tierney WR: Effects of admission hyperglycemia on mortality and costs in acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 2002;59:67-71. 12. [jpma.org.pk]

• Neutropenia

  Encyclopedia) Failure to thrive (Medical Encyclopedia) Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn (Medical Encyclopedia) Hyperglycemia - infants (Medical Encyclopedia) Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (Medical Encyclopedia) Neonatal sepsis (Medical Encyclopedia) Neutropenia [icdlist.com]

  Risk factors, besides prematurity, include: intrapartum asphyxia, maternal chorioamnionitis (4), respiratory distress syndrome, pneumothorax, neutropenia (5), hypoxemia, hypo-/hypercapnia (6), severe acidosis, rapid infusions of bicarbonate and necrotizing [medichub.ro]

We investigated the feasibility and safety of IVF followed by early LD for the treatment of posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Placement in dominant IVH cast or multiple EVDs increases efficiency and treatment benefit. “Further investigation of EVD use, alteplase treatment goals, and ICP control measures are imperative,” they concluded. More ISC 2016 coverage here. [thecardiologyadvisor.com]

Although external ventricular drainage placement is an intuitive treatment for obstructive hydrocephalus this treatment does not address in total the aforementioned pathophysiological mechanisms underlying secondary brain damage. [minervamedica.it]

Unfortunately, the dramatic rise in the occurrence of brain injuries over the same time period demands better proficiency in evaluation and treatment. [books.google.com]

Characterization of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and the effects of fibrinolytic treatment. Stroke 1997 ; 28 : 141 –148. 55. Todo T, Usui M, Takakura K. Treatment of severe intraventricular hemorrhage by infusion of urokinase. [cambridge.org]

[…] an analysis to be made of the prognosis and the risk factors associated with mortality. [medintensiva.org]

Prognosis Prognosis of intraventricular hemorrhage basically depends on many factors. The amount of lost blood, the type of damage to the nearby brain cells, the overall health of the affected individuals, comorbidities etc. [ic.steadyhealth.com]

Cerebellar hemorrhage is rare, associated with poor prognosis and is seen as an echogenic area within the cerebellum with non-visualization of the 4th ventricle. [sonoworld.com]

The ICH score, the most widely used and validated clinical grading scale for ICH since its publication in 2001, specifically incorporates the presence of intraventricular blood as a factor contributing to poorer prognosis ( 8 ). [journal.frontiersin.org]

There are numerous causes of intraventricular hemorrhage and as such no single demographic can be identified; rather each underlying etiology contributes its own patient population. [radiopaedia.org]

The etiologies of the studied fourth IVH include hypertensive intracranial hemorrhage(39 cases), spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage(12 cases), primary IVH(9 cases), trauma(4 cases), Moyamoya disease(1 case). [jkns.or.kr]

History of diabetes mellitus, coagulopathy as an underlying etiologic factor and presence of blood in all ventricles predict early mortality. However, our study is limited by its small sample size and retrospective nature. [jpma.org.pk]

Spontaneous primary intraventricular hemorrhage: clinical data, etiology, and outcome: J Neurol 1999;246:287-291. 2. Darby DG, Donnan GA, Saling MA, Walsh KW, Bladin PF. [neurologyindia.com]

Etiology and prognosis. Radiology 1982;143(1):91–96. PubMed Google Scholar 10. van Gijn J, Hijdra A, Wijdicks EF, Vermeulen M, van Crevel H. Acute hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1985;63(3):355–362. [link.springer.com]

This text then examines the general principles of epidemiology. Other chapters consider the advantages and disadvantages of using autopsy data for epidemiologic studies. [books.google.com]

Epidemiology Incidence IVH occurs in 60-70% of neonates weighing 500-750 g and 10-20% of those weighing 1,000-1,500 g. [ 3 ] Prematurity and low birth weight are the most important risk factors for grade IV haemorrhage. [ 4 ] Research is also underway [patient.info]

EPIDEMIOLOGY The overall incidence has decreased over the past decades as a result of improved perinatal care. [slideshare.net]

Ouellette have worked together to create a comprehensive reference that covers both the pathophysiology and epidemiology of problems occurring in premature babies in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and the management of these problems once the infant [books.google.com]

Note that this classification is based on a radiologic appearance rather than a pathophysiologic description of events leading to GM/IVH. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Although external ventricular drainage placement is an intuitive treatment for obstructive hydrocephalus this treatment does not address in total the aforementioned pathophysiological mechanisms underlying secondary brain damage. [minervamedica.it]

Injuries to the head, another cause of the aforementioned bleeding can also be sometimes prevented. Still, there is no definitive way of complete and utter prevention of such bleeding. [ic.steadyhealth.com]

How can intraventricular hemorrhage be prevented? There have been many prevention strategies investigated, both antenatal and postnatal, but none has been shown to be clearly effective. [clinicaladvisor.com]

Prevention of IVH Many trials and prevention strategies were based on the general theory that the incidence of IVH would decrease if episodes of cerebral blood flow fluctuations, hypoxia, hypercapnia, and increased venous pressure could be minimized in [ispn.guide]

PREVENTION ANTENATAL PREVENTION Avoid preterm delivery VIT k should be given before delivery to all women receiving phenobarbitone or phenytoin during pregnancy C section of high risk deliveries A single course of antenatal corticosteroids is recommended [slideshare.net]