We present herein the cases of two patients with VHF, arising in the same area, hospitalized for a short period of time. One patient presented with renal failure, while severe hepatic involvement was predominant in the other. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A 38-year-old male UN peacekeeper returning from Liberia, western Africa, presents with fever, malaise, asthenia, cough, sore throat, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. [proprofs.com]

Is irreversibly ill on presentation, as defined by presence of profound shock (shock which does not respond to supportive therapy within 3 hours after admission). [clinicaltrials.gov]

• Fever

  American hemorrhagic fevers caused by arenaviruses, but only in a small minority of patients with dengue, Rift Valley fever, and Lassa fever. [en.wikipedia.org]

  Both are mosquito-borne; yellow fever is found in tropical Africa and South America, and dengue fever is found in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  ► Videos of viral hemorrhagic fevers ‎ （2カテゴリ） A ► Argentine hemorrhagic fever ‎ （1ファイル） C ► Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever ‎ （1カテゴリ、2ファイル） D ► Dengue ‎ （8カテゴリ、1ページ、81ファイル） E ► Ebolavirus ‎ （17カテゴリ、1ページ、59ファイル） L ► Lassa fever ‎ （1カテゴリ、1ファイル） M ► Marburg [commons.wikimedia.org]

  Abstract This short review covers 6 viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) that are known to occur in Africa: yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever, Marburg virus disease, and Ebola hemorrhagic fever. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Fatigue

  Symptoms vary with the disease, but often include fever, fatigue, and muscle aches. There may be bleeding, although death from blood loss is rare. Severe cases can include shock and coma. [osha.gov]

  Symptoms often include: Fever Fatigue Dizziness Muscle aches Loss of strength Exhaustion People with severe cases often show signs of bleeding. This may be under the skin, in internal organs, or from body openings such as the mouth, eyes, or ears. [hopkinsmedicine.org]

  Recovery may be complicated by fatigue, anorexia, cachexia, alopecia, and arthralgia. Sequelae include hearing or vision loss, impaired motor coordination, transverse myelitis, uveitis, pericarditis, orchitis, parotitis, and pancreatitis. [visualdx.com]

  Specific symptoms vary by type of viral hemorrhagic fever, but initial symptoms often include fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, loss of strength, and exhaustion. [vdh.virginia.gov]

  + Specific signs and symptoms vary by the type of VHF, but they often begin with high fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, loss of strength and exhaustion. [www1.nyc.gov]

• Acutely Ill Patient

  METHODS: From 15-17 June 2010, the outbreak investigation period, specimens were obtained within 7 days after onset of illness of 18 acutely ill patients hospitalized with VHF and 15 household asymptomatic contacts of 6 acute cases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Intravenous Administration

  Functioning in a different mode, PWM has the advantage of much greater potency, and can be given either intravenously or orally, since these appear to be equally effective routes of administration. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Laboratory Technician

  METHODS: A cross sectional convenience survey was conducted in February 2001 among doctors, nurses, laboratory technicians and janitors/orderlies of Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre and Civil Hospital, Karachi. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Abdominal Pain

  Symptoms typically include fever, headache, malaise, arthralgia, myalgia, nausea, abdominal pain, and nonbloody diarrhea. Filoviruses and flaviviruses typically exhibit an abrupt onset, whereas arenaviruses are slower. [visualdx.com]

  Gradual onset of symptoms, including fever, headache, generalized weakness, malaise, sore throat, cough, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, myalgia, and chest and abdominal pain. Fever may be persistent or intermittent. [canada.ca]

  A 38-year-old male UN peacekeeper returning from Liberia, western Africa, presents with fever, malaise, asthenia, cough, sore throat, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. [proprofs.com]

  A recent case of an African person arrived from West Africa with the following symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, headache, arthralgias, breathing difficulty, severe pain along with unexplained haemorrhage represented by bloody stool, bloody [omicsonline.org]

• Palatal Petechiae

  The image below depicts palatal petechiae and hemorrhage in a patient with Ebola virus disease (EVD). Filovirus disease - Ebola fever. Patient with Ebola hemorrhagic fever during 1976 outbreak in Zaire demonstrating palatal petechiae and hemorrhage. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Petechiae

  Skin petechiae may be noted. [visualdx.com]

  The image below depicts palatal petechiae and hemorrhage in a patient with Ebola virus disease (EVD). Filovirus disease - Ebola fever. Patient with Ebola hemorrhagic fever during 1976 outbreak in Zaire demonstrating palatal petechiae and hemorrhage. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  […] number of different viruses of the families arenaviridae, bunyaviridae, flaviviridae, filoviridae, etc; some types of hemorrhagic fever are tick borne, others mosquito borne, and some seem to be zoonoses; clinical manifestations are high fever, scattered petechiae [icd10data.com]

  Manifestations of VHF often also include flushing of the face and chest, small red or purple spots (petechiae), bleeding, swelling caused by edema, low blood pressure (hypotension), and shock. [en.wikipedia.org]

• Epistaxis

  Ecchymoses often are accompanied by hemorrhage in other locations: epistaxis, puncture sites, hematemesis, melena, and hematuria. Image provided by Robert Swaneopoel, PhD, DTVM, MRCVS, National Institute of Virology, Sandringham, South Africa. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  […] illness with fever and at least two of these symptoms: myalgia, low back pain, and headache, And the appearance of three or more of the following five groups of signs/symptoms: Hemorrhage (one or more petechiae, ecchymoses, purpura, gingival bleeding, epistaxis [clinicaltrials.gov]

  […] arrived from West Africa with the following symptoms: abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, headache, arthralgias, breathing difficulty, severe pain along with unexplained haemorrhage represented by bloody stool, bloody skin spots, a maculopapular rash, epistaxis [omicsonline.org]

• Headache

  Marburg – Fever, chills, cough, sore throat, headache, weakness, myalgias, chest pain, prostration, conjunctivitis, petechiae, purpura, and hemorrhage. [visualdx.com]

  Ebola and Marburg VHF: Severe acute viral illness consisting of sudden onset of fever, malaise, myalgia, headache, conjunctival injection, pharyngitis, vomiting and diarrhea that can be bloody. [canada.ca]

  The most common manifestations included fever (100%), headache (94.5%), backache (93.4%), malaise (88.4%), arthralgia (85.1%), myalgia (82.3%), bone pain (77.9%), and leukopenia (76.2%). Two (1.1%) patients died. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  According to the global health body, the illness caused by Marburg virus begins abruptly, with severe headache and malaise. [news.xinhuanet.com]

• Decreased Plasma Volume

  VHF is characterized by malaise, fever, vascular permeability, decreased plasma volume, coagulation abnormalities, and varying degrees of hemorrhage. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Plasmodium Falciparum

  The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different inactivation methods on the performance of rapid diagnostic tests for Plasmodium falciparum. Triton X-100 and gamma-irradiation of samples preserved detection. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Two reliable forms of effective contraception must be used including one barrier method during treatment and during the 7 month post-treatment period. [clinicaltrials.gov]

Prior studies of different experimental Marburg treatments involved daily dosing for 7 and 14 days, respectively, with treatment beginning closer to the time of infection. [genengnews.com]

Generally there is no known cure or treatment for these diseases. People with these illnesses may get supportive treatment. This may include getting fluids or assistance with breathing and pain relievers. [hopkinsmedicine.org]

This can result in delays of up to several days before diagnosis can be confirmed and treatment started. [corgenix.com]

Treatment includes giving fluids and other treatments to maintain body functions. No antiviral drugs are effective Several groups of viruses can cause fever and other symptoms that are accompanied by severe bleeding (hemorrhagic fever). [merckmanuals.com]

The hemorrhagic fevers remained in the area for three centuries and the etiologic agent is still unknown. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Smorodintsev, A.A., et al. (1944) Etiology and clinics of hemorrhagic nephrosonephritis, Moscow Medgiz, 26-47. 7. [enivd.de]

) Certain infectious and parasitic diseases Clinical Information A group of viral diseases of diverse etiology but having many similar clinical characteristics; increased capillary permeability, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are common to all. [icd10data.com]

Table 1 shows the etiological and epidemiological aspects of VHFs in Africa. [omicsonline.org]

OBJECTIVE: To review epidemiological surveillance approaches used during Ebola and Marburg hemorrhagic fever epidemics in Africa in the past fifteen years. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Please note that this tool builds upon and replaces the “Spatial epidemiology of Ebola virus disease” visualization. Interact with the data visualization Citation: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). [healthdata.org]

More Control and Prevention Includes references that provide information about the control and prevention of exposures to VHFs. More Additional Resources Provides links and references to additional resources related to VHFs. [osha.gov]

Can viral hemorrhagic fever diseases be prevented? No vaccines are available to prevent these diseases. Two exceptions are for yellow fever and Argentine hemorrhagic fever. [hopkinsmedicine.org]

Early detection of the causative agents, and the ability to distinguish them from other pathogens, is essential to contain outbreaks, implement proper control measures, and prevent morbidity and mortality. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). [en.wikipedia.org]