In viral nasopharyngitis patients have profuse nasal discharge [1], fever, halitosis, mouth breathing leading to dry mouth, hyposmia, sneezing and odynophagia, symptoms that occur 2-3 days after inoculation and last for 7-14 days, depending on the age of the patient [2]. Nasal secretions are initially clear and after 2-3 days turn green or yellow, which may signify a superimposed bacterial infection [3]. Examination of the uvula and posterior pharynx reveals inflammation. Cough may result from postnasal drip. Conjunctivitis and photophobia may accompany ocular pain.

More severe viral upper respiratory infections also cause vomiting, nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain, as well as myalgia, fatigue or malaise- more frequent in influenza virus infection.

Viral rhinosinusitis [4] is also characterized by nasal discharge with mucopurulent secretion that does not improve with decongestants or antihistamines administration. Facial or dental pain related to the affected sinus raise rhinosinusitis suspicion. Other symptoms include sore throat, dry mouth, cough, posttussive emesis, hyposmia, and fatigability.

Laryngeal involvement is recognized by hoarseness or voice loss and dry cough [5].

Epiglottitis may represent a potential lethal emergency [6]. It is characterized by an acute onset of symptoms like fever, dyspnea, fatigability, odynophagia- as severe as to prevent saliva swallowing, leading to drooling, dysphonia or total voice loss [7]. Severe episodes are accompanied by respiratory distress, manifested as tachypnea, tachycardia, perioral cyanosis and use of accessory respiratory muscles.

Acute viral otitis media also has a rapid onset [8], consisting of fever, otalgia, difficulty sleeping, irritability, headache, loss of appetite, fluid drainage from the ear and diminished hearing [9].

All viral upper respiratory tract infections can cause cervical lymphadenopathy. Specific etiologies lead to specific signs: mononucleosis is accompanied by splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, herpes virus infection causes palatal vesicles, vesicles located on the uvula, palate and anterior tonsillar pillars suggest herpangina. Tonsil hypertrophy is a common finding. Cough may be severe enough to produce conjunctival hemorrhages.

• Fever

  It is characterized by an acute onset of symptoms like fever, dyspnea, fatigability, odynophagia- as severe as to prevent saliva swallowing, leading to drooling, dysphonia or total voice loss. [symptoma.com]

  We report the cases of eight military patients with fever (≥38°C) induced by viral upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) who requested treatment with acupuncture in the military medical service room. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Differentiating between the two requires medical intervention since both may cause fever and irritability. And the treatments vary significantly. [dukehealth.org]

  These were ‘fever’ (P = 0.01) and ‘low energy, tired’ (P = 0.04). [academic.oup.com]

• Chills

  Cold weather and colds Contrary to popular belief, cold weather or getting chilled does not cause a cold, according to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. [stanfordchildrens.org]

  The symptoms of flu can include fever or feeling feverish/chills, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches and fatigue (tiredness). Cold symptoms are usually milder than the symptoms of flu. [baptisthealth.net]

  He has had some chills, but has not taken his temperature at home. He admits to smoking 1 ½ pack per day since age 18, although he has not smoked at all in the last 3 days. He notes he had a similar illness about 6 months ago. [medicine.uiowa.edu]

  Fever, chills, and shortness of breath are not commonly seen with upper respiratory infections and may signal a potentially more significant infection such as influenza, pneumonia, or acute bronchitis. [emedicinehealth.com]

• Streptococcal Pharyngitis

  […] group A streptococcal pharyngitis is rare, but serious morbidity or death may result from one of its complications. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Clinicians should treat patients with antibiotics only if they have confirmed streptococcal pharyngitis. [annals.org]

  […] differentiated from other URIs Clinical 1–3 days after exposure to pathogen, nasal congestion, sneezing, sore throat, conjunctivitis–with adenovirus infections; sore throat with pain on swallowing, fever, absence of cough, and exposure to a person with streptococcal [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

• Infectious Mononucleosis

  […] upper respiratory tract infection upper respiratory tract infection URI Infectious disease A nonspecific term used to describe acute infections involving the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and larynx, the prototypic URI is the common cold; flu/influenza [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Amoxicillin should be avoided – can cause macuopapular rash if tonsillitis is due to infectious mononucleosis. This is a subtype of pharyngitis, where the tonsils are particularly badly affected. Clinical signs are more common in bacterial cases. [almostadoctor.co.uk]

  Mononucleosis With infectious mononucleosis from EBV, complete resolution of symptoms may take up to 2 months. Acute symptoms rarely last more than 4 months. EBV typically remains dormant throughout the patient's life. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Mononucleosis Prognosis URI are common during the winter season and for the most part, are benign, but they can seriously affect the quality of life for a few weeks. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Rigor

  Case 4 55-year-old male comes to your office complaining of severe left-sided chest pain, fever, rigors, and cough productive of rusty colored sputum. He feels a bit short of breath and also complains of malaise. He does not smoke. [medicine.uiowa.edu]

  Their enormous prevalence also indicates that rigorous research should be undertaken in order to tackle them, in both the prevention and treatment field. [link.springer.com]

  Suspicious symptoms include persistent fever, rigors, night sweats, tender lymph nodes, tonsillopharyngeal exudates, scarlatiniform rash, palatal petechiae, and swollen tonsils. [annals.org]

• Cough

  Two previous studies incorporating capsaicin cough challenge methodology have demonstrated that cough reflex sensitivity is transiently enhanced during URI. These studies used single measurements of cough reflex sensitivity during the URI period. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Measurement of cough reflex sensitivity Measurement of cough reflex sensitivity has allowed insight into the effects of viral URI on human cough reflex sensitivity. [jtd.amegroups.com]

  European Respiratory Journal 2011 38: p3510; DOI: Abstract One previous study has demonstrated that cough reflex sensitivity to inhaled capsaicin is transiently enhanced during acute viral respiratory tract infection (URI) by comparing single cough reflex [erj.ersjournals.com]

  Cough may result from postnasal drip. Conjunctivitis and photophobia may accompany ocular pain. [symptoma.com]

  Variance explained Stage 1 (n = 240) Age −0.07 (0.02) <0.001 8.3% Cough 0.40 (0.17) 0.02 Stage 2 (n = 175) Fever 0.13 (0.06) 0.02 7.7% Low energy 0.11 (0.05) 0.04 Variable B Coeff. (SD) Sig. [academic.oup.com]

• Sore Throat

  Pharyngitis Pharyngitis is more commonly known as a sore throat. Sometimes a sore throat is a symptom of a wider respiratory illness such as the common cold, but it can also be due to an infection only in your pharynx (throat). [gleneagles.com.sg]

  […] of the throat that often worsens during swallowing Causes The virus or bacteria can cause a sore throat You can catch a sore throat after a viral infection like a cold A sore throat caused due to bacterial infection is called strep throat that is less [beingtheparent.com]

  throat, conjunctivitis–with adenovirus infections; sore throat with pain on swallowing, fever, absence of cough, and exposure to a person with streptococcal pharyngitis in the prior 2 wks support Dx of GABHS-related pharyngitis; Pts with acute sinusitis [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  The benefits of tonsillectomy in preventing recurrent sore throat are modest.... Access to the complete content on Oxford Medicine Online requires a subscription or purchase. [oxfordmedicine.com]

  The symptoms of flu can include fever or feeling feverish/chills, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle or body aches, headaches and fatigue (tiredness). Cold symptoms are usually milder than the symptoms of flu. [baptisthealth.net]

• Pharyngitis

  […] lesions,” tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy, and occasionally a scarlatiniform rash; pharyngeal or palatal vesicles and ulcers (herpangina) suggest enteroviral or herpetic pharyngitis; pharyngeal exudates are most common in GABHS-related pharyngitis [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Acute Pharyngitis MicrobiologyAcute Pharyngitis Microbiology Commonest bacterial etiology: GAS: 5 – 15 % of sore throat visits in adults (20 – 30 % in children). 27. [slideshare.net]

  Patients with adenoviral pharyngitis often have pharyngeal exudate, so the disease can mimic streptococcal pharyngitis. [microbiologybook.org]

  Pharyngitis Viral pharyngitis typically resolves in 1-2 weeks, but immunocompromised persons may have a more severe course. [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Nasal Congestion

  Because newborns and young infants prefer to breathe through their nose, even moderate nasal congestion can create difficulty breathing. [merckmanuals.com]

  The majority of patients in health care settings that present with complaints of runny nose, nasal congestion, cough and headache have a viral upper respiratory infection (the common cold). [healthcentral.com]

  It does not have an effect on nasal congestion, and carries some side effects. Nasal steroid sprays, such as Flonase and Nasacort, have not been shown to help a common cold. [care.american-rhinologic.org]

  Say Goodbye To Congestion: Congestion can cause acute distress during a cold. To find relief from nasal congestion, try some extra humidity. Use a humidifier in your room. [momjunction.com]

• Nasal Discharge

  The absence of green nasal discharge, the absence of disturbed sleep and mild symptoms were associated with a diagnosis of URI. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  In viral nasopharyngitis patients have profuse nasal discharge, fever, halitosis, mouth breathing leading to dry mouth, hyposmia, sneezing and odynophagia, symptoms that occur 2-3 days after inoculation and last for 7-14 days, depending on the age of [symptoma.com]

  Symptoms & Signs In infants :fever, nasal discharge, difficulty feeding, decreased appetite, and difficulty sleeping. In school-aged children:nasal congestion, sneeze, fever, nasal discharge, headache, sore throat, hoarseness and cough 10. [slideshare.net]

  Ciprofloxacin 500 mg BD for 7 days If nasal discharge headache or cough persisit antibiotics are indicated. [speciality.medicaldialogues.in]

• Nausea

  More severe viral upper respiratory infections also cause vomiting, nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain, as well as myalgia, fatigue or malaise- more frequent in influenza virus infection. [symptoma.com]

  Other side effects such as stomach upset, nausea vomiting, diarrhea or decreased appetite may occur. [healthcentral.com]

  Taking zinc as a preventive measure may lower the rates of developing a cold as well as the severity, but carries the risk of side effects such as bad taste and nausea. Increasing fluid intake during a URI is a commonly-advised practice. [care.american-rhinologic.org]

  […] following symptoms may be an indication of a more severe disease and you should seek treatment immediately: Difficulty breathing A high fever that doesn’t go away Pale or blue tinged skin or lips Respiratory illness accompanied by light-headedness, nausea [gleneagles.com.sg]

  Nausea or vomiting. Pain, pressure, or a strange feeling in the back, neck, jaw, or upper belly, or in one or both shoulders or arms. Lightheadedness or sudden weakness. A fast or irregular heartbeat. [northshore.org]

• Loss of Appetite

  Acute viral otitis media also has a rapid onset, consisting of fever, otalgia, difficulty sleeping, irritability, headache, loss of appetite, fluid drainage from the ear and diminished hearing. [symptoma.com]

  Patients with glomerulonephritis may have loss of appetite, lethargy, dull back pain, and dark urine. Blood pressure may be elevated, and edema may occur. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Clinical respiratory illness (CRI) was defined as two or more respiratory symptoms (cough, nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat or sneezes) or one respiratory symptom and a systemic symptom (chill, lethargy, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, muscle [bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com]

  The symptoms that include stuffy nose, fever, vomiting, and irritability, loss of appetite, watery eyes, runny nose, sneezing, coughing and sore throat last for 7 to 10 days or longer [ 16 ]. [omicsonline.org]

• Constipation

  # kg weight) cohorts were urinary tract infection, hypertrichosis, rhinitis, pyrexia, hypertension, upper respiratory tract infection, viral infection, sepsis and constipation en In children, the side effects seen in more than # % of patients were urinary [da.glosbe.com]

• Halitosis

  In viral nasopharyngitis patients have profuse nasal discharge, fever, halitosis, mouth breathing leading to dry mouth, hyposmia, sneezing and odynophagia, symptoms that occur 2-3 days after inoculation and last for 7-14 days, depending on the age of [symptoma.com]

  Other signs may include bad breath (halitosis), cough, voice hoarseness, and fever. Laboratory testing is generally not recommended in the evaluation of upper respiratory infections. [medicinenet.com]

• Strawberry Tongue

  Pharyngeal Congestion Palatal Petechae Strawberry Tongue Follicular Tonsillitis 26. Acute Pharyngitis MicrobiologyAcute Pharyngitis Microbiology Commonest bacterial etiology: GAS: 5 – 15 % of sore throat visits in adults (20 – 30 % in children). 27. [slideshare.net]

  Other features include bilateral, nonpurulent conjunctivitis, erythema with fissuring, cracking, and bleeding of the lips, strawberry tongue, edema of the hands and feet with erythema of the palms and soles, and an erythematous rash. [microbiologybook.org]

• Otalgia

  Acute viral otitis media also has a rapid onset, consisting of fever, otalgia, difficulty sleeping, irritability, headache, loss of appetite, fluid drainage from the ear and diminished hearing. [symptoma.com]

  Acute otitis media in children usually presents with rapid onset of otalgia, fever, and/or irritability. Otalgia in young infants is manifest by pulling on the ear. Young children can also have anorexia, loose stools, and vomiting. [microbiologybook.org]

  DIAGNOSIS Signs and symptoms of middle ear inflammation (eg, bulging of the tympanic membrane, distinct erythema of the tympanic membrane or otalgia, fever) 27. [slideshare.net]

  Acute OM was diagnosed by the presence of OM with concurrent signs of middle ear infection including parental report of ear pulling, otalgia, irritability, and fussiness and otoscopic signs of erythema and/or white opacification (other than from scarring [jamanetwork.com]

• Tinnitus

  Other patients give a history of ear instrumentation, excessive cleaning, previous infection, otitis media, tinnitus, or vertigo. [microbiologybook.org]

• Pruritus

  pruritus, complete occlusion of the ear canal, auricular and periauricular erythema, and, frequently, fever and lymphadenopathy). [microbiologybook.org]

• Skin Rash

  A person may have an allergic reaction to the antibiotic which can be as mild as a faint skin rash, or so severe that life threatening throat closure, breathing problems or drop in blood pressure (anaphylaxis) occurs. [healthcentral.com]

• Myalgia

  Accompanying symptoms such as headache, myalgia and nasal obstruction also showed a tendency to decrease. Within 3 days of treatment, six of the eight patients had recovered from the URTI. No adverse effects of acupuncture treatment were reported. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  More severe viral upper respiratory infections also cause vomiting, nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain, as well as myalgia, fatigue or malaise- more frequent in influenza virus infection. [symptoma.com]

  […] nasal discharge; hoarseness suggests laryngitis; difficulty in swallowing oral secretions and stridor should raise suspicion for epiglottitis or pharyngeal abscess; influenza presents as a sudden illness characterized by high fever, severe headache, myalgia [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  Some Infectious Agents that Cause the Common Cold Agents* Human Serotypes Other unique symptoms in addition to coryza Myxoviruses Influenza A, B, C Myalgia and fatigue Parainfluenza 1, 2, 3, 4 Myalgia and fatigue Respiratory syncytial virus 1 (possibly [atsu.edu]

  She denies myalgias, shortness of breath, and ear pain, but does admit to mild headache. On physical exam, the nasal mucosa is swollen and erythematous. There is a small amount of whitish discharge inside the left naris. [medicine.uiowa.edu]

• Confusion

  […] stridor should raise suspicion for epiglottitis or pharyngeal abscess; influenza presents as a sudden illness characterized by high fever, severe headache, myalgia, dry cough, with lingering fatigue and malaise; elderly patients may also present with confusion [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

  When to seek medical advice Seek medical advice if you are concerned about your symptoms or have any of the following: worsening symptoms shortness of breath difficulty breathing confusion inability to keep liquids down because of vomiting symptoms of [sahealth.sa.gov.au]

  Laryngitis Laryngitis is often confused with pharyngitis (a sore throat) but refers specifically to an inflammation in your larynx, also known as your voice box. [gleneagles.com.sg]

  Infants and younger children are particularly sensitive to the side effects of decongestants and may experience agitation, confusion, hallucinations, lethargy, and rapid heart rate and should not take these drugs. [merckmanuals.com]

  Infants and younger children are particularly sensitive to the side effects of decongestants and may experience agitation, confusion, hallucinations, lethargy, and rapid heart rate and should never take these drugs. [msdmanuals.com]

• Seizure

  Of infants who are hospitalized with pertussis, approximately 50% have apnea, 20% develop pneumonia, 1% have seizures, 1% die, and 0.3% have encephalopathy. [28] Recovery from whooping cough is typically complete. [emedicine.medscape.com]

  Seizures have been reported as a presenting manifestation. Allergic fungal sinusitis usually presents as intractable sinusitis with nasal polyposis in patients with atopy. Some patients also have allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. [microbiologybook.org]

• Agitation

  Infants and younger children are particularly sensitive to the side effects of decongestants and may experience agitation, confusion, hallucinations, lethargy, and rapid heart rate and should not take these drugs. [merckmanuals.com]

  Infants and younger children are particularly sensitive to the side effects of decongestants and may experience agitation, confusion, hallucinations, lethargy, and rapid heart rate and should never take these drugs. [msdmanuals.com]

• Dizziness

  Seek medical advice if you are concerned about your symptoms or have any of the following: worsening symptoms shortness of breath difficulty breathing confusion inability to keep liquids down because of vomiting symptoms of dehydration (such as being dizzy [sahealth.sa.gov.au]

  […] symptoms may be an indication of a more severe disease and you should seek treatment immediately: Difficulty breathing A high fever that doesn’t go away Pale or blue tinged skin or lips Respiratory illness accompanied by light-headedness, nausea or dizziness [gleneagles.com.sg]

• Somnolence

  […] raise suspicion for epiglottitis or pharyngeal abscess; influenza presents as a sudden illness characterized by high fever, severe headache, myalgia, dry cough, with lingering fatigue and malaise; elderly patients may also present with confusion and somnolence [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

The diagnosis of viral upper respiratory tract infection is mostly clinical, but several tests may also be helpful. For instance, the physician may order influenza rapid test, Epstein-Barr heterophile antibody test, cell culture for herpes simplex virus identification [10] or polymerase chain reaction in order to detect the same type of infection. Epiglottitis can be diagnosed by direct visualization during laryngoscopy, provided that the patient's clinical status allows it. The microbiological specimen is obtained from throat or nasal swabs or washes; they are cultured on special media in order to identify respiratory syncytial virus, influenza and parainfluenza virus and adenovirus. Antibody titers should be observed in a dynamic manner.

The complete blood cell count shows lymphocytosis in acute viral infections, but lymphopenia may also be noticed in some cases. A high white blood cell number is not unusual. In case dyspnea is noticed, foreign body inhalation should be excluded using imaging methods. In croup, the steeple sign representing subglottic stenosis may be noticed [11]. In acute viral otitis media, tympanometry may be useful.

Within 3 days of treatment, six of the eight patients had recovered from the URTI. No adverse effects of acupuncture treatment were reported. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

(N.D) Retrieved 19/3/19 from https://www.aaaai.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions-dictionary/allergic-rhinitis [gleneagles.com.sg]

Diagnostic Findings and Appropriate Treatments for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Condition Key diagnostic findings Treatment Acute bronchitis and tracheitis Cough, possible phlegm production Symptomatic treatment; antibiotics are not recommended [aafp.org]

Treatments Treatments Treatment for lung infections depends on how severe the illness is and whether the infection is bacterial, viral or fungal. Most bacterial infections are treated with a full course of prescribed antibiotics. [rileychildrens.org]

Most RTIs get better without treatment, but sometimes you may need to see your GP. [nhs.uk]

Rhinosinusitis The prognosis is generally favorable for acute rhinosinusitis, and many cases appear to resolve even without antibiotic therapy. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Hillary Clinton's Pneumonia: How Serious, the Prognosis Posted 12 Sep 2016 by Drugs.com MONDAY, Sept. 12, 2016 – Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton's pneumonia may have heightened questions about her overall health, but doctors say pneumonia [drugs.com]

[…] high-risk persons with influenza exposures. [13] Differential Diagnosis Common Cold Allergic rhinitis Sinusitis Tracheobronchitis Pneumonia Influenza Atypical Pneumonia Pertussis Epiglottitis Streptococcal Pharyngitis/Tonsillitis Infectious Mononucleosis Prognosis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Bacterial infections, people with weak immune systems, and those with complications of upper respiratory infections (listed above) may have less favorable prognosis. Medically Reviewed on 7/19/2019 References Meneghetti, A. [medicinenet.com]

A viral etiology was identified in 62 of 108 (57.4%) samples. Symptom measures that best differentiated children with a viral etiology from those without were significant runny nose and significant cough on days 1-4 of the illness. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Specific etiologies lead to specific signs: mononucleosis is accompanied by splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, herpes virus infection causes palatal vesicles, vesicles located on the uvula, palate and anterior tonsillar pillars suggest herpangina. [symptoma.com]

Bacterial etiology is same as in otitis media. [speciality.medicaldialogues.in]

Bacterial etiologies of some of the common upper respiratory tract infections may be primary or superinfections of the original viral processes and are amenable to treatment (Table 75–1). [accessmedicine.mhmedical.com]

Epidemiology of acute respiratory infections in children in Guangzhou: a three-year study. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96674. 18. Liu J, Ai H, Xiong Y, Li F, Wen Z, Liu W, Li T, Qin K, Wu J, Liu Y. [bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com]

The prevalence, clinical profile, and epidemiology of respiratory virus in adults are different from those in young people. [hindawi.com]

[…] recommended; a rapid antigen detection test is also available for adenovirus, RSV, and parainfluenza virus; serologic tests for viruses that can cause a mononucleosis-type illness should be done in the correct clinical setting; influenza serologies have only epidemiologic [medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com]

Analyses of routinely collected administrative healthcare data can provide valuable information on the number of URTIs, antibiotic use and bacterial complications to patients, prescribers and policy-makers. epidemiology epidemiology infection control [bmjopen.bmj.com]

[…] shortens the duration of influenza symptoms, decreases the length of hospital stays, and reduces the risk of complications.[ Recommendations for the treatment of influenza are updated frequently by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention based on epidemiologic [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY innate immune response to infection viral replication occurs in only a small number of nasal epithelial cells The infected cells release cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-8 6. [slideshare.net]

Upper respiratory tract infections are accountable for greater than 20 million missed days of school and greater than 20 million days of work lost, thus generating a large economic burden. [6] Pathophysiology A URTI usually involves direct invasion of [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Mouth[edit] Small round red lesions may occur on the soft palate.[7] Decongestants may also cause decreased saliva.[7] Cause[edit] In terms of pathophysiology, rhinovirus infection resembles the immune response. [en.wikipedia.org]

Take Anti-Flu Medications Two medicines are approved for prevention of influenza viral infection. [med.uth.edu]

More research is needed to see if taking a vitamin D supplement can help to prevent respiratory infections. [vitamindcouncil.org]

Summary and Clinical Applicability Healthy young children may not need more than the standard 400 IU/day of vitamin D to prevent upper respiratory tract infections. [pulmonologyadvisor.com]

Smoking is known to be a cause of many infections and so giving up smoking goes a long way to help prevent it. [urgentclinicsmedicalcare.com]

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