Hisyam Teh Poh Teik, Huong’s lawyer, said the defence has another explanation of why VX was present on the Vietnamese and would reveal this later. [theguardian.com]

Hisyam Teh Poh Teik, Huong's lawyer, said the defense has another explanation of why VX was present on the Vietnamese woman and that it would be revealed later. [latimes.com]

Hisyam Teh Poh Teik, Huong’s lawyer, said the defense has another explanation of why VX was present on the Vietnamese and would reveal this later. [denverpost.com]

On Wednesday, the judge and court officials wore face masks and surgical gloves as VX-tainted evidence was presented in court. [chicagotribune.com]

Electrical signals keep being generated as long as acetylcholine is present. To prevent acetylcholine from continuously starting electric signals, cholinesterase is also present nearby. [imdb.com]

• Vietnamese

  Dr Mohd Shah was testifying in the trial of Indonesian Siti Aisyah, 25, and Vietnamese Doan Thi Huong, 28, who are both charged with four others still at large, with the murder of Kim, 45, at the departure hall of the KLIA2 at 9am on Feb 13. [thestar.com.my]

  Aisyah and the Vietnamese suspect Doan Thi Huong have pleaded not guilty to murder charges that could bring the death penalty if they are convicted. [chicagotribune.com]

  The primary suspect is a woman in her 20s holding a Vietnamese passport in the name of Doan Thi Huong. [scientificamerican.com]

  The trial is being closely watched by the Indonesian and Vietnamese governments, which hired the defence lawyers for both women. [theguardian.com]

  The trial is being closely watched by the Indonesian and Vietnamese governments, which hired the defense lawyers for both women. [latimes.com]

• Falling

  Kim died after falling ill on February 13 at Kuala Lumpur International Airport after two women allegedly wiped his face with the nerve agent. [risingbd.com]

  Might the weapons fall into the wrong hands? See below for answers to these and other questions posed by this troubling development. What Is Sarin? Sarin, also known as GB, is a man-made nerve gas not found in nature. [webmd.com]

  Munitions, devices and other equipment specifically designed to weaponise toxic chemicals also fall under the definition of chemical weapons. [opcw.org]

  But Bruce Goldberger, a leading toxicologist who heads the forensic medicine division at the University of Florida, questions how no one else fell violently ill in the attack on Kim Jong-nam, who had been living abroad for years after falling out of favour [theglobeandmail.com]

• Pathologist

  Dr Mohd Shah Mahmood, 57, a forensic pathologist at Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL), testified that the body was brought into the emergency department of Hospital Putrajaya at 11am on Feb 13, this year. [thestar.com.my]

  Mohamad Shah Mahmood, one of two pathologists who examined Kim’s body, told the court that “the cause of death is acute VX nerve agent poisoning,” and that there were no other contributing factors. [snopes.com]

  Chemical pathologist Nur Ashikin Othman, who examined his body, said the victim had extremely low levels of an enzyme vital for nervous system function in his body, due to poisoning. [news.sky.com]

  Blood tests on the two murder suspects showed they had normal enzyme levels, said chemical pathologist Nur Ashikin Othman on the second day of their trial in Malaysia’s High Court. [nypost.com]

  On the third day of the murder trial of the two suspects, a pathologist said VX was detected in Kim Jong Nam’s eye mucus, on his face, in his blood and on his clothing. [newsinfo.inquirer.net]

• Disability

  Mason destroys the chips, then surrenders to Hummel, trying to reason with him as well as buy Goodspeed some time, though Goodspeed disables another rocket, the rogue Marines capture him. [wikivisually.com]

  What it does, CDC says, is disable an enzyme that acts as the body’s off switch for muscles and glands. Without an off switch, the muscles and glands work constantly, tire out, and are unable to sustain even breathing function. [hindustantimes.com]

  Definitions Related to the CWC Riot Control Agents (RCAs) A riot control agent is defined as any chemical not listed in a schedule which can produce sensory irritation or disabling physical effects rapidly in humans and which disappear within a short [opcw.org]

• Swelling

  Eyes will swell, tear and possibly go blind a few hours after exposure, and when inhaled or ingested, victims will experience sneezing, hoarseness, coughing up blood, abdominal pain and vomiting. But exposure to mustard gas is not always fatal. [nationalinterest.org]

• Nasal Congestion

  Symptoms of VX poisoning include constriction of the pupils, headache, runny nose, and nasal congestion, chest tightness, giddiness, anxiety, and nausea, eventually progressing to convulsions and respiratory failure. [science.jrank.org]

  Symptoms of VX poisoning include constriction of the pupils, headache, runny nose, nasal congestion, chest tightness, giddiness, anxiety, and nausea, eventually progressing to convulsions and respiratory failure. [encyclopedia.com]

• Foaming at the Mouth

  Regarding the media reports that Kim had what appeared to be foam around his mouth, Nakagawa said in the letter, "Because VX causes an increase of secretion in the respiratory tract, I find no discrepancy in assuming that it was VX-triggered symptoms. [mainichi.jp]

  But it then shows Kim walking apparently steadily to solicit help for several minutes, with none of the usual symptoms such as spasms or foaming at the mouth. The attacker was handling a cloth with no apparent protection, not wielding a syringe. [newscientist.com]

  Excessive acetylcholine corroborates what has been reported and seen in the videos taken just after the attack, including uncontrolled salivation that will cause "foaming at the mouth," vomiting, tearing, involuntary defecation and urination, tiny pinpoint [tonic.vice.com]

  “For example, if it’s a secretion in the mouth, it will make the person foam at the mouth,” he said. If it’s tear ducts, it will make you cry. if its muscles in the leg, it will make the muscles twitch.” [pbs.org]

• Suggestibility

  PTI Written By PTI Updated: Mar 1, 2017, 05:42 PM IST North Korea is strongly denying the findings of a Malaysian autopsy that suggest the deadly VX nerve agent was used to kill leader Kim Jong Un's half brother or "Kim Chol, a citizen of (North Korea [dnaindia.com]

  Now, the preponderance of the facts suggest that it may be closer to becoming a reality. The threat that a warhead with WC or with radioactive materials, commonly known as “Dirty Head”, DH, cannot be set aside anymore as a very remote possibility. [chemsee.com]

  Suggestions were made that some form of cyanide may have been used or more speculatively ricin. The media in Japan suggested tetrodotoxin as the agent. [scientificamerican.com]

  Looking at the events first, toxicology reports suggest Kim was killed by the nerve agent VX, classified as a weapon of mass destruction by the United Nations. [health.spectator.co.uk]

  Billy suggested one or two women apply the toxic substance to Kim's face from behind ... insight on reeds a hostile ... question still remained about how the attack is applied to chemical ... without harming themselves ... experts believe North Korea [wsj.com]

• Giddiness

  Symptoms of VX poisoning include constriction of the pupils, headache, runny nose, and nasal congestion, chest tightness, giddiness, anxiety, and nausea, eventually progressing to convulsions and respiratory failure. [science.jrank.org]

  Victims may initially feel giddy or nauseous but soon their bodies begin to convulse and they can no longer breathe. Does North Korea have VX? Yes, North Korea has one of the world’s largest stockpiles of chemical weapons. [telegraph.co.uk]

  Symptoms of VX poisoning include constriction of the pupils, headache, runny nose, nasal congestion, chest tightness, giddiness, anxiety, and nausea, eventually progressing to convulsions and respiratory failure. [encyclopedia.com]

Abstract Prophylactic treatment with human butyrylcholinesterase (HuBChE) as a single pretreatment against organophosphorus (OP) anti-ChE compounds confers excellent protection against soman and VX poisoning in mice, rats (Raveh et al., 1993; Brandeis [link.springer.com]

Externally, the body had minor marks of trauma on the upper and lower lips in the form of a bruise, abrasion and a small laceration that could have been caused while emergency medical treatment was being carried out, he said. [thestar.com.my]

Under normal conditions, acetylcholine is released from the terminal axon of one nerve cell, crosses the synaptic cleft between nerve cells, and binds with a receptor on the membrane of the… Agent VX - Treatment Of Vx Poisoning Two antidotes exist for [science.jrank.org]

Certain proteins have, for example, been shown to mediate organophosphate detoxification sufficiently rapidly to allow treatment of respective poisonings. [atlasofscience.org]

During this treatment, the activities of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE), plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and whole blood cholinesterases were monitored. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

This prevents acetylcholine that is in the synaptic cleft from binding to the receptor. Pralidoxime chloride prevents VX from binding to cholinesterase. [science.jrank.org]

Google Scholar Brandeis, R., Raveh, L., Grunwald, E., Cohen, E., and Ashani, Y., 1993, Prevention of soman-induced cognitive deficits by pretreatment with human butyrylcholinesterase in rats, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 46:889–896. [link.springer.com]

A nerve agent, sometimes called nerve gas, acts on the nervous system of an organism and prevents muscles from functioning properly. [nytimes.com]

Results indicate that, all of the PRG T regimens, except BT-not tested with T, prevent lethality by soman; trihexyphenidyl and scopolamine (the only adjuncts used therein) regimens each prevent lethality by sarin and VX. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Image: OJO Images/REX/Shutterstock Nerve agents work by preventing the operation of an enzyme that acts as the body's "off-switch" for glands and muscles. [mashable.com]