This article has been cited by 1 Cytological diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis presented as a subcutaneous swelling in the cubital fossa: an unusual presentation P. Pandey,A. Dixit,S. Chandra,A. [e-ijd.org]

It can present in an otherwise asymptomatic patient without any constitutional symptoms. Careful examination, prompt diagnosis, and early treatment can reduce ocular morbidity. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

A case of infection in the iris by an immature W. bancrofti worm is presented. Case report A male patient aged 42 years reported to the Ophthalmic department of the District Hospital, Ernakulam. [ijo.in]

• Lymphedema

  This provides evidence for morbidity prevention & treatment of early lymphedema. It can also be used as a tool to improve community compliance during mass drug administration. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov No CTRI/2013/10/004121. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  […] in assessing the impact of MDA on lymphedema. [doi.org]

  This is because most people with lymphedema are not infected with parasites. [parasitesinhumans.org]

  Therefore, lymphedema management must include patient education, not only about their lymphedema but their comorbidities as well. [orlandomedicalnews.com]

  Most people with lymphatic filariasis are asymptomatic, and a few develop lymphedema, primarily in the legs, but also in the arms, breasts, and genitals. [loinc.org]

• Disability

  The most disabling of health problems caused by LF is elephantiasis, a permanent swelling of a limb (usually lower limbs although it can effect arms, breasts and genitalia). [phac-aspc.gc.ca]

  Among tropical diseases it is second to malaria in terms of disability adjusted life years. The Nigerian LF elimination programme has been slated for 2015. Currently, there is paucity of published data on the problem in rural Ebonyi State. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Weakness

  Each microfilaria has a weak endogenous circadian rhythm of its own, but the rhythms of the individual microfilariae are dominated by that of the host, so that all the different individuals do approximately the same thing at the same time, and they do [royalsocietypublishing.org]

  DEC-fortified salt and vector control as an adjunct should be introduced in all residual foci, including the areas where other intervention measures are weak. [jpgmonline.com]

• Surgical Procedure

  In patients with elephantiasis, surgical procedures are required as chemotherapy which can not reverse the fibrotic changes. Prevention. Unlike malaria, a short stay in an endemic area is usually of no significance. [atlas.or.kr]

• Sputum

  A chronic syndrome called “tropical pulmonary eosinophilia” has been associated with W. bancrofti and B. malayi infections, involving eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrate, peripheral hypereosinophilia, wheezing, chest pain, splenomegaly, and bloody sputum [cdc.gov]

  Detection of Wuchereria bancrofti DNA in patients sputum by the polymerase chain reaction. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1996;90:531–532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 10. Kluber S, Supali T, Williams SA, Liebau E, Fischer P. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Diarrhea

  Of the three placebo-treated patients, one had diarrhea for one day, and the two had dizziness for one day and three days, respectively. [hindawi.com]

• Suggestibility

  Experimental evidence suggests this possibility. [scielo.br]

  Importantly, the dramatic variability in EIR over the transmission season suggests that the efficacy of MDA can be maximized by delivering drug at the beginning of the rainy season (just prior to the peak of transmission). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Headache

  Sometimes lymphangitis is severe and is accompanied by high fever and headache. In addition to lymphatic involvement, some patients may show epididymitis and orchitis. In the intervening period, repeated attacks of acute lymphangitis may continue. [atlas.or.kr]

  Lymphatic filariasis (a) Early infection: Patients experience fever, lymphangitis, headaches, nausea and urticaria. (b) Chronic infection: Repeated attacks cause lymphatic damage. 1. [biology-today.com]

  It has some side effects which include: dizziness, fever, headache, nausea and muscle and joint pain. DEC should only be used, if Wuchereria bancrofti has been identified. This is because most people with lymphedema are not infected with parasites. [parasitesinhumans.org]

  Filariasis is characterized by fever, chills, headache, and skin lesions in the early stages and, if untreated, can progress to include gross enlargement of the limbs and genitalia in a condition called elephantiasis. [broadinstitute.org]

  When present, symptoms include fever, angioedema, headache, myalgias, arthralgias, pruritus, and neurologic manifestations. [mayomedicallaboratories.com]

[…] affecting humans and animals, caused by filariae; ie, nematode parasites of the family Filariidae. [1] Filarial parasites can be classified according to the habitat of the adult worms in the vertebral host, as follows (see Pathophysiology, Etiology, and Workup [emedicine.medscape.com]

• Dirofilaria Immitis

  The W. bancrofti mt gene order is identical to that reported for Onchocerca volvulus, Dirofilaria immitis, Setaria digitata and B. malayi. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Description of the antigen: The positive control filarial antigen was prepared from Dirofilaria immitis adult worm extract as previously described (J Immunol 1985;134:1185 1191). [filariasiscenter.org]

  immitis disease Drugs and Authors early filariasis effect on Mf elephantiasis eosinophilia excretion filarial infection fuadin glands Hawking 66 human filariasis i.m. [books.google.es]

  The assay could distinguish both human filarial DNAs in infected vectors from the DNAs of Dirofilaria immitis - and Plasmodium falciparum -infected human red blood cells and noninfected mosquitoes and human leukocytes. [bioone.org]

We assessed treatment efficacy by monitoring microfilaraemia, antigenaemia, and ultrasound detection of adult worms. Follow-up assessments were done at 5, 8, 11, and 14 months after the start of treatment. Analysis was per protocol. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Clinical Summary A 15-year-old male known case of pulmonary Koch's on anti Koch's treatment. He visited Calcutta during the course of treatment and came for follow-up after three months. [e-ijd.org]

[…] may result in a worse prognosis. [dovemed.com]

Prognosis The prognosis in filariasis is good if infection is recognized and treated early. Filarial diseases are rarely fatal, but the consequences of infection can cause significant personal and socioeconomic hardship for those who are affected. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Primary lymphedema is associated with congenital malformations of the lymphatic system, and secondary lymphedema develops from known etiologies. [orlandomedicalnews.com]

(See Pathophysiology and Etiology.) [13] As with most helminths, adult filarial parasites replicate in a definitive host. The adult worm burden in an individual cannot increase unless the host is exposed to additional microfilaria. [emedicine.medscape.com]

(Etiology) Wuchereria Bancrofti Infection is caused by an infection of the parasitic nematode (worm), Wuchereria bancrofti. The worms are transmitted from an infected individual to an uninfected individual through mosquito bites. [dovemed.com]

We want to stress that in the tropics where filariasis is endemic, it may be worthwhile to rule out filariasis in all cases of uveitis of obscure etiology. [tjmrjournal.org]

Earlier studies have revealed differing epidemiology of LF in the North and South of Ghana. This study was therefore aimed at understanding the possible impacts of W. bancrofti diversity on the epidemiology and control of LF in Ghana. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Further studies are however required for an in-depth understanding of LF epidemiology and control. [panafrican-med-journal.com]

Keywords: Lymphatic filariasis, epidemiology, control strategy, elimination, India How to cite this article: Sabesan S, Vanamail P, Raju K, Jambulingam P. Lymphatic filariasis in India: Epidemiology and control measures. [jpgmonline.com]

Useful For Suggests clinical disorders or settings where the test may be helpful Detection of microfilariae in peripheral blood Clinical Information Discusses physiology, pathophysiology, and general clinical aspects, as they relate to a laboratory test [mayomedicallaboratories.com]

Pathophysiology The filarial life cycle, like that of all nematodes, consists of 5 developmental (larval) stages in a vertebral host and an arthropod intermediate host and vector. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Lymphatic filariasis diagnosis Clinical forms Treatment and prevention [who.int]

BACKGROUND: Once interruption of transmission of lymphatic filariasis is achieved, morbidity prevention and management becomes more important. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Wuchereria Bancrofti Infection is best prevented through reducing exposure to mosquito bites. [dovemed.com]

They can apply insect repellants in their skins, use mosquito nets when they sleep especially at night, and do any other preventive methods recommended by experts. [healthguideinfo.com]