Most cases presented papillary epithelial hyperplasia and sub-epithelial foamy cells, which were immunopositive for CD68, CD63 and CD163 in all cases. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Noncompliance

  We present a case of a middle-aged man admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis secondary to noncompliance with insulin. He was found to have skin lesions as multiple crusted papules on the extremities. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Soft Tissue Swelling

  Figure 1 A 22-year-old woman with a family history of hypercholesterolemia had had a soft-tissue swelling on the back of her left ankle for several years. Examination revealed a fusiform swelling of the Achilles' tendon. [doi.org]

• Leg Edema

  A 67-year-old man presented with dyspnea, general fatigue, and leg edema. Echocardiography demonstrated a large pericardial effusion with a 5 cm 3 cm, dense hetero-echogenic tumor in the right atrium. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection

  A 77-year-old man was referred with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections and a raised prostate-specific antigen. He was found to have an atypical lesion of the urinary bladder on cystoscopic examination. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Large Pericardial Effusion

  Echocardiography demonstrated a large pericardial effusion with a 5 cm 3 cm, dense hetero-echogenic tumor in the right atrium. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Blepharoptosis

  Periorbital skin lesions are often accompanied by ophthalmic manifestations, mainly scleritis, choroiditis, or conjunctivitis (3), and with complications such as blepharoptosis, restricted ocular motility, and proptosis (4,5). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Xanthoma

  (also known as tuberous xanthoma) is characterized by xanthomas located over the joints.[2]:530 Xanthoma tendinosum[edit] Xanthoma tendinosum (also tendon xanthoma or tendinous xanthoma[5]) is clinically characterized by papules and nodules found in [en.wikipedia.org]

  The features of a man with a scrotal verruciform xanthoma are presented. Using PubMed, the following terms were searched and relevant citations assessed: anogenital, foam cells, penis, scrotum, verruciform, verruciform xanthoma, vulva, and xanthoma. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Xanthoma is a skin condition in which certain fats build up under the surface of the skin. Xanthomas are common, especially among older adults and people with high blood lipids (fats). Xanthomas vary in size. Some are very small. [medlineplus.gov]

• Skin Rash

  An obese 50-year-old man with hypertension, hyperlipidemia, recently diagnosed diabetes, and a history of grand mal seizures presented to the emergency room complaining of skin rash for 1 week. [mdedge.com]

  Another common autoimmune disorder in WAS is a type of blood vessel inflammation (vasculitis) that typically causes fever and skin rash on the extremities. [primaryimmune.org]

This study reports the case of a 60-year-old man having painless nodules on his elbows and Achilles tendons without typical gout crisis, followed in the microcrystalline disease clinic of Unifesp for diagnostic workup. [scielo.br]

[…] pancreatitis is 5%, and at levels above 2,000 mg/dL, the risk is 10% to 20%. 4 In our patient, the diagnosis of chylomicronemia was based on the appearance of the skin lesions, his history of pancreatitis and diabetes mellitus, and the results of the initial workup [mdedge.com]

A thorough workup is essential to identify the underlying condition in order to initiate early treatment and to prevent later complications. [austinpublishinggroup.com]

What workup is required for xanthoma? A skin biopsy may be necessary to confirm a clinical diagnosis of xanthoma. See eruptive xanthoma pathology. [dermnetnz.org]

This study reports the case of a 60-year-old man having painless nodules on his elbows and Achilles tendons without typical goutcrisis, followed in the microcrystalline disease clinic of Unifesp for diagnostic workup. [mendeley.com]

• Trypanosoma Cruzi

  A method of diagnosing acute or early Trypanosoma cruzi infection (Chagas disease) in humans. [theodora.com]

• White Matter Lesions

  In addition, there were multiple white matter lesions in both cerebral hemispheres, which were largely peripheral. There was mild cerebellar atrophy. The patient was treated with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDA) and statins. [pn.bmj.com]

Early recognition and treatment of the underlying condition decreases morbidity and mortality. After treatment of the underlying metabolic disorders, lesions mostly disappear without leaving scars. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Recurrences postsurgical treatment of xanthomas are common. [emedicine.medscape.com]

Early diagnosis and treatment of this disease with chenodeoxycholic acid is essential and has been shown to greatly improve the patient's symptoms and prognosis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Prognosis The prognosis is good after treatment of bone xanthoma [1,4-6,8,9,11]. [omicsonline.org]

Outlook (Prognosis) The growth is non-cancerous and painless, but may be a sign of another medical condition. When to Contact a Medical Professional Call your health care provider if xanthomas develop. [indiatoday.in]

Outlook (Prognosis) The growth is noncancerous and painless, but may be a sign of another medical condition. Prevention Control of blood lipids, including triglycerides and cholesterol levels, may help reduce development of xanthomas. [account.allinahealth.org]

Outlook (Prognosis) The growth is noncancerous and painless, but may be a sign of another medical condition. When to Contact a Medical Professional Call your provider if xanthomas develop. [ufhealth.org]

Verruciform xanthoma (VX) is an uncommon mucocutaneous lesion of uncertain etiology. Originally thought to be limited to the oral mucosa, its occurrence in other mucosal and nonmucosal sites also has been documented. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

[…] flat xanthomas, verrucous xanthomas, and xanthelasma.[1] Eruptive xanthoma most commonly involves the extensor surfaces of the extremities, buttocks, and back.[2] The disease is a characteristic manifestation of extreme hypertriglyceridemia.[3] Exact epidemiological [journals.lww.com]

References: [1] [2] Epidemiology References: [2] Epidemiological data refers to the US, unless otherwise specified. [amboss.com]

Summary Epidemiology The incidence of WAS has been estimated at less than 1 in 100,000 live births. The disease almost exclusively affects males. [orpha.net]

Epidemiologic data on cutaneous xanthomas are limited. Xanthomas are rarely seen before age twenty although those associated with FH are an exception. [wjgnet.com]

Epidemiology The reported incidence of GX was quite variable: it ranged from 0.018% to 7% in endoscopy series and was as high as 58% in an autopsy series ( 3 - 6 ). [emedicalj.com]

We discuss the clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment of CTX. As the condition is treatable, this is a neurological rarity not to be missed. [pn.bmj.com]

Xanthomas: clinical and pathophysiological relations. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2014 ;158: 181 – 188. [Crossref], [Web of Science ], [Google Scholar] ]. [tandfonline.com]

However, since the pathophysiology surrounds improper clearance of circulating remnant molecules the addition of a systemic treatment is necessary in a majority of cases. [dermatologyadvisor.com]

Zak A, Zeman M, Slaby A, et al Xanthomas: clinical and pathophysiological relations. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2014; 158:181–188. 5. Brunzell JD. Clinical practice. Hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:1009–1017. 6. [journals.lww.com]

Prompt recognition of such skin manifestations is warranted to prevent development of fatal medical condition like coronary artery disease and pancreatitis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Sources: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse: “Prevent diabetes problems: Keep your feet and skin healthy.“ American Diabetes Association: “Skin Complications.” [webmd.com]

In either case, a child with tendinous xanthomas requires prompt evaluation and medical treatment to prevent irreversible disease sequelae. [visualdx.com]

Prevention Keeping your blood lipids within a normal range through healthy eating and maintaining a healthy weight can help. [healthnavigator.org.nz]