High coverage full genomic data will be helpful to resolve the degree of genetic diversity present in these strains. [journals.plos.org]

Finally, we propose that several Y. pestis lineages were established during the Bronze Age, some of which persist to the present day. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Falling

  Most of the Yops fall into two groups. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The effects of the plague are described in the nursery rhyme "We all fall down." Y. pestis mainly infects rats and other rodents which are the prime reservoir for the bacteria. [medicinenet.com]

  Rascovan and Rasmussen turned to their archaeologist colleagues, who saw that this development fit into another pattern: Populations in Europe were falling even before people from the steppes migrated there. [theatlantic.com]

  PCR and SNP assays of these strains has established that they fall into medieval bv., branch 2.MED1. [frontiersin.org]

• Inflammation

  In this study, we show that IL-1β/IL-18 cytokine activation occurs early after bacteria enter the lung, and this activation eventually contributes to pulmonary inflammation and pathology during the later stages of infection. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Experiments manipulating its temporal expression showed that Pla allows Y. pestis to replicate rapidly in the airways, causing a lethal fulminant pneumonia; if unexpressed, inflammation is aborted, and lung repair is activated. [doi.org]

• Swelling

  They avoid the immune response and multiply; the nodes swell, become hot and tender and bleed excessively. This gives rise to the black buboes responsible for the name "Bubonic Plague." [brighthub.com]

  Pain may occur in the area before the swelling. [microbewiki.kenyon.edu]

  Image copyright Hulton Archive Image caption The Great Plague killed about a quarter of the capital's population "Others with swellings and tumours in the neck or groin, or armpits, which till they could be broke put them into insufferable agonies and [bbc.com]

• Sepsis

  Septicemic Plague Septicemic Plague usually follows untreated Bubonic Plague although in some individuals it can develop in the absence of observable buboes. sepsis and bacteremia develop rapidly followed by hemorrhagic necrosis of a wide variety of organs [pathwaymedicine.org]

  The first sign of a bioterrorist attack with plague would most likely be a sudden surge of patients presenting at hospitals and doctors' offices with symptoms of severe pneumonia and sepsis. [centerforhealthsecurity.org]

  The animals died quickly of sepsis and the same bacilli were isolated from their lymph nodes. Two days later he informed the British authorities of his findings and was finally given access to the cadavers after complaining to the governor. [antimicrobe.org]

• Lymphadenopathy

  Bubonic Plague Bubonic Plague is characterized by the rapid development of painful lymphadenopathy which manifests as red, swollen, and inflamed lymph nodes termed "Buboes". [pathwaymedicine.org]

  On physical exam, he has inguinal lymphadenopathy and a large and tender buboe in the right inguinal area. He is started on the appropriate antibiotics, and the incident is reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [medbullets.com]

  Oral infection results in a severe diarrhea in humans, together with necrosis of the Peyer's patches, chronic lymphadenopathy, and hepatic and splenic abscesses ( Fig. 29-7 ). [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

• Pneumonia

  Experiments manipulating its temporal expression showed that Pla allows Y. pestis to replicate rapidly in the airways, causing a lethal fulminant pneumonia; if unexpressed, inflammation is aborted, and lung repair is activated. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  The pneumonia progresses for 2 to 4 days and may cause respiratory failure and shock. Without early treatment, patients may die. [bu.edu]

  It is characterized by a highly hemorrhagic and necrotic pneumonia which is rapidly fatal. Streptomycin, gentamicin, or tetracycline can all be used to treat plague. [pathwaymedicine.org]

• Painful Cough

  With pneumonic plague, the first signs of illness are fever, headache, weakness, and rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum. [bu.edu]

• Abdominal Pain

  Fever, chills, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Later, this infection may lead to coagulation problems and gangrene of the extremities. [centerforhealthsecurity.org]

  Symptoms in people: Symptoms include profuse, watery diarrhea with cramping, abdominal pain, vomiting, and nausea. The symptoms typically resolve within 1–2 weeks. [cdc.gov]

• Suggestibility

  A differential host-specific type of binding to ECM proteins by YapV, YapK, and YapJ suggested that these proteins participate in broadening the host range of Y. pestis. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

  Rasmussen et al (2015) suggest that the strain lacking the Pla gene has lost it and that this gene has been lost more than once in the phylogenetic tree. In other words, Pla was present in the common ancestral strain. [contagions.wordpress.com]

• Headache

  He has had headaches, fatigue, and enlarged and painful "bug bite-like lesion" on his right groin. On physical exam, he has inguinal lymphadenopathy and a large and tender buboe in the right inguinal area. [medbullets.com]

  Bubonic 1 to 8 days following exposure to an infected animal or sustaining a flea bite Sudden onset of fever, chills, weakness, headache, and buboes will occur, typically followed by nausea and vomiting. [centerforhealthsecurity.org]

• Confusion

  Symptoms, on top of those found in the other two forms, include a severe cough, bloody sputum, chest pains, confusion, cyanosis, shock and eventual death. [web.archive.org]

[…] information 1 National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Though death rates for untreated cases usually approach 100%, antibiotics can be a very effective treatment against the plague. [web.archive.org]

The NanoLogix Solution - Live-threat microorganism detection in 24 hours Without treatment, the mortality rate for Y. pestis is about 50-90 percent. However, the rate is cut to appoximately 1-15 percent with treatment. [nanologix.com]

[…] and fibrinolysin bacteria migrate to regional lymph nodes and survive intracellularly within macrophages F1 capsular antigen is antiphagocytic Prevention plague vaccine field workers in endemic areas laboratory personnel who work with Yersinia pestis Prognosis [medbullets.com]

At all times but especially in cold places there is a risk of seeing the disease shifting from the bubonic to pneumonic variety which carries the most severe prognosis and is directly transmitted from an individual to another. [web.archive.org]

Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of the disease plague, has been implicated in three historical pandemics. [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Our findings indicate wgMLST is a simplified, sensitive, and scalable tool for epidemiologic analysis of Y. pestis strains. Published by Elsevier Inc. KEYWORDS: Molecular epidemiology; Plague; Whole genome sequencing; Yersinia pestis; wgMLST [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]

Keywords Epidemiology Evolution Immunology Pathogenesis Yersinia pestis Editors and Affiliations Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China Ruifu Yang State Research Center for Applied Microbiology, Moscow Region, Russia Andrey [link.springer.com]

The fruit of our work has led to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease in the insect and the identification of new Y. pestis genes required for the infection thanks to our development of an innovative technology (allowing the screening [pasteur-lille.fr]

Author information 1 National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis [ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]